Env.midterm1

Front 1

carrying capacity

Back 1

"ecosystem's upper limit" (p.4) - i.e., how much life the ecosystem can sustain given its resources

Front 2

ecology

Back 2

"subfield of biology that strives to explain the interrelationships among people, other living things, and their environments" (p.1)

Front 3

ecosystem

Back 3

"any group of plants, animals, or nonliving things interacting within their external environment" (p.1)

Front 4

steady state/ homeostatis

Back 4

"level of activity within an ecosystem that can be maintained over a long period of time" (p.4)

Front 5

spaceship earth

Back 5

analogy of earth's ecosystem to a spaceship; "planet must work with what it has. When certain resources are exhausted or converted into a form in which they are no longer useful to humans, new supplies cannot simply be imported from 'somewhere else.'" (p.2)

Front 6

sustainability

Back 6

managing resources "to maintain a steady state"; limiting resource use "to a point where it does not threaten the regenerative capacity of natural systems" (p.4)

Front 7

ecosystem

Back 7

any group of plants, animals, or nonliving things interacting within in external environment. recieves energy from the sun.

Front 8

spaceship earth

Back 8

used to describe the earths relationship with the external environment. the earth must work with what it has- you cannot simply get more resources.

Front 9

Barry Commoners 4 laws of ecology

Back 9

1. everthing is connected to everything else
2. everything must go somewhere
3. humans tinker with nautral systems will ultimately prove detrimental to those systems
4. There is no such thing as a free lunch.

Front 10

everything is connected to everything else

Back 10

multiple interconnected parts. it is difficults, if not impossible to manipulate on aspect of an ecosystem without impacting, often unintentually other aspects of the ecosystem. When an ecosystem is disrupted by the introduction of a forign element, changes occur in the relationship between organisms within the system as well as between organisms and their physical environment.

Front 11

everything must go somewhere

Back 11

spaceship earth. it may be the atmosphere, or water. cars--atmosphere. some policys ignore this rule

Front 12

humans tinkering with nautral systems will ultimately prove detrimental to those systems

Back 12

ecosystem has developed throught natural selection for billions of years. The interactions within natural systems sometimes present a very delicate balace, and interfering can disrupt that system.

Front 13

there is no such thing as a free lunch

Back 13

any interaction with nature, any extraction, use, or disruption carries with it some cost. (loss of resource..)

Front 14

steady state

Back 14

that level of activity within an ecosystem that can be maintained over a long period of time. The upper limit that can be sustained.

Front 15

dominant social paradigm (DSP)

Back 15

those clusters of beliefs, values, and ideals that influence our thinking about society, government, and individual responsibility. acceptance of laissez-faire capitalism, individualism, growth, progress, faith in science and technology. It can influence policy.

Front 16

externality

Back 16

can be positive or negative. Transactions do not always incorporate the full range of cost and benefirs associated with the prodcution or distrubtuion of goods.(cost of pollution cleanup is an example)

Front 17

conservation

Back 17

multiple use or the management of resources so as to retun the maximum benefits for people. limit human impact on national parks.

Front 18

purposive benefits

Back 18

associated with ideological gaols without indivudual meterial reward

Front 19

material b enefits

Back 19

such as the expected increase in incolme that induces many to join proessional associates

Front 20

solidarity benefits

Back 20

the social rewards one can expect from interaction with a group pf people with whom one shares interest.

Front 21

The tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin

Back 21

influenctial essay dtew attention ot theproblesm associated with comoon pool resources. shawing a coomon green, somepoeople overgrazed it and it ended up being destoryed for everyone else.

Front 22

involentary risk

Back 22

risks over which the individual has not contrl. in these situations government organziations, or other thrid parties make the assesment of risk for society as a whole.

Front 23

acceptable risk

Back 23

the personal decisions and trade-offs that indivuiduals are willing to amke in their own lives.

Front 24

bubble concept

Back 24

allowed manufacturing plants to to determine their own mix of pollutants admittted into the atmosphere from a given plant. allows polluter to choose the areas withinh a plant on which to concentrate their pollution control efforts.

Front 25

private property preeminence

Back 25

derived from English common law. gives the property owner the right to pollute his or her own land as much as he or she wishes as long as the pollution doesnt carry over onto anothers property

Front 26

common law private property rights

Back 26

allows the indivuidual to sue whatever resources are on theland to whatever extent desire. regardless of the impact on adjacent landwowvers.

Front 27

administrative law

Back 27

the laws that pertain to, and govern, administration and bureaucratic government actions.

Front 28

Exhaustive Doctrine

Back 28

requires that polluters, or others contesting regulations, seek every available avenue of appeal within the administrative agency before going to the court.

Front 29

judicial review

Back 29

determines which cases the court will and willnot hear

Front 30

scope of review

Back 30

concerns which parts of the relevant administrative actions the court will address. some statutes may have provisions that define their specific scope of review, though scope may also be found in similar statures, as well as rprior court findings

Front 31

standards of review

Back 31

define the degree of scrutiny that the court may take in examining a challenged agency action. may be defined withing the relevant statutue. may be define in piror court findings. courts may defer to agency disceretionor expertise in adjudicationg challenges to agencey acyions. exception is are agncey action taht are clearly without legal foundation, actions that are arvitrary and acpricious, and actions that are not supported by susbtanitive evidence.

Front 32

judicial standing

Back 32

who can and cannot bring a suit before the court for judical review. must prove 1. they have a concrete interest in the matter before the court
2. the court must be able to remedy the situaiton in some way

Front 33

imminent injury

Back 33

requirement for judicial review that youi were personally injured by the action in question.

Front 34

three basic mechanisisms of environmentall law

Back 34

the foundation of enviromental law and regulation require the presence of:
1. established legistlative prolices and directives
2. prescirbed mehtods of executing these policies and directives.
3. prescribed methods of resolving disputes that arise form the execution of policies and directives.

Front 35

what are the three competeing models of government regulation

Back 35

1. economic theory of regulation
2. political incentives
3. public interest theory of regulation

Front 36

The economic theory of regualtion

Back 36

George Stigler, holds that regulations are driven by the needs of business and are acquried, designed, and perated primarly for the benefit of buinsess in a meanner that protects the profits and competitive enviroment of regulated business. "self interest theory"

Front 37

political incentives

Back 37

James Q. Wilson- regulations are best understod as rising out of ___ _____ that operate on policy makers. Examing the cost and benefits associated with different regulations and their distruvitons, we can determine under which conditions government is more likely to regulate industy. if benedfits are concentraed and costs diffused, the organized groups are likely to persuade policy makers to regulate and therby insitutionalize the benefit.

Front 38

public interest theory of regulation

Back 38

hold that polcy makers regulate in response to broad social movements or crisis situations and act to protect the public fom undesrirable business practices.

Front 39

various types of government control?

Back 39

1. free market
2. use of market forces with some government controls
3. government controls on the state and loal level
4. government controls developed on the nation level and implemented onm the state and local levels
5. controls developed and implemented on the national level-total national control

Front 40

free market

Back 40

there is no role for government in environmental protection. self-interest provides the necessary safe gards

Front 41

utlization of market forces

Back 41

implement controls by using market mechanisims to prodcue desired outocmes. through tax incentives or pollution charges. buble concept.

Front 42

government contorls on the state and local level

Back 42

state and local contorl over environmental regulations forumualtion and implementation.

Front 43

government controls developed on the national level and implented on the state and local level-total national control

Back 43

formulated by national government implemented by state government. total-limitly used, like nuclear power.

Front 44

approaches to regulation

Back 44

1. free market
2. standards and enforcement or command and control
3. use of taxes or effluent charges or some toher type of monetrary measure that would provide polluters with an incentive to find the most cost-effective means of limiting their pollution
4. establishing property rights in the commons.

Front 45

free market options

Back 45

a reliance on self-interst and volunteerism with no government intervention to correct for common pool resource problesm

Front 46

standards and enforcement/ command and control

Back 46

some govermental unti deterimnes what the appropriate level of a given pollutant or activity is, sets the stands, and establishies a way to encorce these standars.

Front 47

use of taxes

Back 47

provide polluters wiht an incentive to find the most cost-efficient means of limiting their polution

Front 48

establishing property rights in the commons

Back 48

give individuals a stake in the appropriate use and management of their now rprivate resources. common property

Front 49

intuitive toxicology

Back 49

leads to unsupportable fears. emotions lead them astray. do not see the need for trade off vuneralbe to social influences

Front 50

second generation debate

Back 50

involves the nature of cost benefit analysis, what in particular it entails, its limit. rights and interests of future generations.

Front 51

MTBE

Back 51

gas for cars-wantimproves combusition and reduces carvon dioixde emmissions.- increases formaldehyed e emsssions, more toixc, highl soluvle in water. contriainmed water-dangerous to drink. perhaps a carcinogen

Front 52

3 points of concensus on the use of cost-benefit anaylsis

Back 52

1. government should attempt to asses the magnituted of any problem that it is attempting to slove
2. gobt shoudl attmetp to asses tradeoffs by explolring the costs of regulation aslo in quantitiative terms.
3 governement should use tools that are effectient and inexpensive.

Front 53

executive order 12291

Back 53

1. a set of substanitive priniples for all agneicesto floowl including a commitmetn to cost benefit anlayisis 2. require cost benefit analaysis for all major rules 3. omb has some substantive control. companies were asked to voletntiarly comply- all denited.

Front 54

12498

Back 54

estblsihed a requirement that agencies submit annual regulatory planst to OMB for reivew. annual publication of actions that might be costly or controversial

Front 55

12866

Back 55

no big impact under clinton. requring agencies to do a cost-benefit anyalsis and proceed only when benefits outwieght the costs.

Front 56

paralysis by analsis

Back 56

congressional effort to ask and anser key qeustions might lead to inaction.

Front 57

iron triangle/subgovernemnt

Back 57

interest groups, buercrats, and legistatores become wedded in a sometimes useful someting not triangle of suppport and need. legislatrosr need bureaucrats to implement their plcies and are rewarded w/ funding, in turn bureaucrats rpvide electorial support by making interes groups happy and interes goups need bureaucrats to provie them wiht serives.

Front 58

revolving door

Back 58

p 48- retired military officlals get jobs in weapons industry for thier insdie track to the military and cogresses ear.

Front 59

pluralism

Back 59

idea that polciy making occurs because mulitple intersted gorup bargain and negotitale competitively to mkake it.

Front 60

incrementalism

Back 60

1. only some possible alternatives are considered by decsions makers
2. option ultimatley selescted will differ onluy slighlty for exisisting policy
3 only a limited number of consequences for each alternative are evlaueted.
4 problem is contintually redefined.

Front 61

normative

Back 61

the filaure of all groups and interst to be represented in the bargainsing and policy making process.

Front 62

agenda

Back 62

the listing of times for governmental acton

Front 63

agenda setting

Back 63

the ability to get your issue on the list of items to be taken up by polciy makers

Front 64

policy making

Back 64

invovles the deisred action or nonaction on a itme that has been place on the public agneda. any branch of govt.

Front 65

implementation

Back 65

turing a manadate into action

Front 66

environmental assesment

Back 66

must take into consideration the enviromental impacts of the total project .

Front 67

envriomental impact statemetn

Back 67

to accompnay major federal actions singnciantly affecting the human enviroment.. must contain the the affects, purpose and need for action, alternatives considered, irrevesrivle commitments or resources.

Front 68

finding of no significant impact FONSI

Back 68

found on an EIS- if no significnat impact is found on the environment- company may proceed w/ plans

Front 69

scoping

Back 69

determines the scope and breadth of an EIS. lead agency preparing EIS is responsible for identifying members of public and other agencies thqt may ahve an interest or stake in project under construction. mail notices study alternatives know geogrpahical paramaters of study areas

Front 70

procedural policy

Back 70

law that tells agencies what steps they have to take

Front 71

substantive policy

Back 71

tells agencies what they have to do

Front 72

multimedia

Back 72

the overlapping of a problem

Front 73

media

Back 73

referrs to affected enviroment such as air, water and land.

Front 74

what factors would influence a groupto pursue enviromental interest thought the courts?

Back 74

if lenghtly lawsuit-maintain status quo, lawsuits take time,and money, jurisdictional issues.

lack resource to fight in other areas (legislature), want to challenge regulation

Front 75

legistlative branch?

Back 75

many points where a bill cna be defeated-must follow bill closely through each stage. legistatures motivated by desire for relection, money, access

Front 76

executive branch?

Back 76

administering federal environmeental regulations through a variety of federal agencies.

Front 77

why do private economoic inters groups have an advantage in the policy process over public nonecomoinic interest groups

Back 77

money, stability, make contributions which give them access

Front 78

main institutional biases

Back 78

1. incrementalism-small changes over time, easy to change if wrong, over time, no radical changes
2. decentralization- federal statutes implemented by state. state may not have recousres to carry it out, need coperation between various agnecys, dependent on reuglated industyrs, coperation accross statelines
3. short term bias- select option w/ lowest short term cost-need for relection
4. ideological bias- orientatoin toward gorwth and development undelrines much of thepolcy making process, rarely is zero growht an otion, find acceptable percetnalges.
5.private nature- many decsions made behind closed doors
6. crisi and reforms- procedure is faster. dont as picky about bills.

Front 79

purpose of NEPA, national environmental policy act

Back 79

exerted control over federal agencies in an attempt to make them more responsive to environmental concerns. use all practical means and measures to promote the general welfare, and maitnitiona ocntidtions under whihc man and nture can existin in producitve harmony for furture genertions

Front 80

what does NEPA require agencies to do?

Back 80

make agencies fil out EIS, analyze major actions affects on environment, fill out EA. most litigated

Front 81

environmental protection agency EPA

Back 81

the primary responsiblity for encorcing envronmental regulation in the US. organzied around programs over which congress has given it enforcement authority

Front 82

department of interorir buerur of land managemetn

Back 82

responsiblity over envriomnetla and land managesment. natioinal park services, wilderness planning

Front 83

national park service

Back 83

national parks, monuments, and reservcations to conserver scenery and hsitoric obejcts and the wildlife wihtin

Front 84

forrest service

Back 84

resourcing suisng timeber, miming, grazing. greatest good to greatest number in the long run.

Front 85

fish and wildlife service

Back 85

national wildlife feuges, waterfolw protection areas, fish hatcheries, fish and wildlife research labs. mostly in alaska

Front 86

Depeartment of engery

Back 86

focus on energy security, mainting the safey and reliality of nuclear stock pile, cleaning up the environmenta from legacy of cole war, developing innovation in science and technology.

Front 87

environmental politics

Back 87

concerns how humaninty organizes itselfto relate to the nature that sustain it

Front 88

policy windows/ windows of oppertuntiy

Back 88

policy changes more likely to occurr. opens for advoacates to promote their pet solutions.
1. result of legal decision. forces people to reexamine a policy
2. crisis focusing on event
3.

Front 89

tipping

Back 89

broader convergenc on a single idea. support for an idea is widespread tipping point- seems to take on a life of its own

Front 90

policy entrepreneurs

Back 90

individuals willing to invest therir political resources in linking a problem to a solution and forging alliances among isparat actors to build a majorty coaliation. ride the wave when oppertunity opens

Front 91

softeing up

Back 91

getting people used to a new idea and vuilding acceptance for a proposal. speeches, articles, breifings, editorials, press relasesals.

Front 92

what are kingdons three streams

Back 92

1. people in and around government concentrate on a set of problems
2. policy communitiies made up of experts, journalist, and bureaucrats initiate and refine proposal;
3. political events sucha as a change of administration or an interest group campaing occur.
--tend to prefer making incremental changes. a substaincil departure from the status quo is likely only when the three streams merge, as a compelling problem defintion and an available solution come together under hoppitalbe politcla conditons.