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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
UGB stands for
urban growth boundary. Mapped areas designated for urban and rural populations
Pros for urban growth boundary
older neighborhoods thrive, urban centers are becoming denser, mas transit has expanded
Cons for urban growth boundary
rising population demands rapid development
housing costs rise
factors affecting urbanization
industrialization (created jobs)
urban centers
rapid population growth
wars
ecological degradation
developed vs. developing countries
developing countries are urbanizing faster
Why move to suburbs?
City dwellers face: over-population, unemployment, poverty, pollution.
3 definitions of sprawl
1) ugly, environmentally harmful, economically inefficient
2) collective outgrowth of reasonable individual desires and decisions
3) spread of development outward from urban center
5 negative impacts of sprawl
- sprawl increases demand for cars
- pollution resulting from transportation
- sedentary lifestyle due to cars
- more land is needed to support population
- excess taxation due to the need for more public services
Ewing's research team
found that sprawling vs. non-sprawling communities may have effects that cancel out
sprawl prevention
building walk-friendly cities, maximizing efficiency, zoning, mass transit, parks
key elements of smart growth
compact building, walkable neighborhoods, attractive communities, preservation, mass transit
2 positive/negative effects of urban centers.
keep growth contained, foster innovationt, concentrate pollution, some seek sustainability
ways to enhance sustainability
efficient resource use, recycling, eco-friendly tech, consider externalities, tax incentives, localize resources, encourage urban agriculture
definition of smog
ground level ozone. Also known as photochemical smog. Air pollutants mix with sunlight. Harmful to living organisms.
formation of smog
different chemicals are released into the air by pollution and mix to create ozone.
how smog affects humans
attacks cells in the lungs, reduce lung functions, aggravate asthma, damage lung lining
common justifications for environmental policy
tragedy of the commons, free riders, external costs
legislative branch
congress, house of representatives, make laws
executive branch
headed by president. Enacts of vetoes laws. Enforces laws.
"4th" branch of government
administrative agencies that create regulations.
judicial branch
court system. interprets law.
regulatory taking
when regulations or laws lead the government to deprive the landowner of some economic uses of the property
differences between the 3 waves of U.S. environmental policy
1st wave: allowed settlers to claim large amounts of land
2nd wave: land conservation
3rd wave: focused on pollution
what seems to be the focus of the 4th wave of environmental policy in the U.S.?
sustainability
Main accomplishment of the NEPA
government-related business must assess the environmental impact of new projects and share them with the people
conventional law
international law devised from conventions or treaties
customary law
international law that arises from shared cultural aspects
how much energy can you save by adjusting your thermostat?
10%
how much energy can you save by using energy star ceiling fans?
19%
how much energy can you save by line drying your clothes?
9%
how much energy can you save by turning off your lights?
2%