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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
UGB stands for
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urban growth boundary. Mapped areas designated for urban and rural populations
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Pros for urban growth boundary
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older neighborhoods thrive, urban centers are becoming denser, mas transit has expanded
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Cons for urban growth boundary
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rising population demands rapid development
housing costs rise |
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factors affecting urbanization
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industrialization (created jobs)
urban centers rapid population growth wars ecological degradation |
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developed vs. developing countries
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developing countries are urbanizing faster
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Why move to suburbs?
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City dwellers face: over-population, unemployment, poverty, pollution.
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3 definitions of sprawl
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1) ugly, environmentally harmful, economically inefficient
2) collective outgrowth of reasonable individual desires and decisions 3) spread of development outward from urban center |
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5 negative impacts of sprawl
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- sprawl increases demand for cars
- pollution resulting from transportation - sedentary lifestyle due to cars - more land is needed to support population - excess taxation due to the need for more public services |
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Ewing's research team
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found that sprawling vs. non-sprawling communities may have effects that cancel out
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sprawl prevention
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building walk-friendly cities, maximizing efficiency, zoning, mass transit, parks
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key elements of smart growth
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compact building, walkable neighborhoods, attractive communities, preservation, mass transit
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2 positive/negative effects of urban centers.
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keep growth contained, foster innovationt, concentrate pollution, some seek sustainability
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ways to enhance sustainability
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efficient resource use, recycling, eco-friendly tech, consider externalities, tax incentives, localize resources, encourage urban agriculture
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definition of smog
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ground level ozone. Also known as photochemical smog. Air pollutants mix with sunlight. Harmful to living organisms.
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formation of smog
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different chemicals are released into the air by pollution and mix to create ozone.
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how smog affects humans
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attacks cells in the lungs, reduce lung functions, aggravate asthma, damage lung lining
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common justifications for environmental policy
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tragedy of the commons, free riders, external costs
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legislative branch
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congress, house of representatives, make laws
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executive branch
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headed by president. Enacts of vetoes laws. Enforces laws.
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"4th" branch of government
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administrative agencies that create regulations.
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judicial branch
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court system. interprets law.
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regulatory taking
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when regulations or laws lead the government to deprive the landowner of some economic uses of the property
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differences between the 3 waves of U.S. environmental policy
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1st wave: allowed settlers to claim large amounts of land
2nd wave: land conservation 3rd wave: focused on pollution |
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what seems to be the focus of the 4th wave of environmental policy in the U.S.?
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sustainability
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Main accomplishment of the NEPA
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government-related business must assess the environmental impact of new projects and share them with the people
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conventional law
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international law devised from conventions or treaties
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customary law
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international law that arises from shared cultural aspects
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how much energy can you save by adjusting your thermostat?
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10%
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how much energy can you save by using energy star ceiling fans?
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19%
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how much energy can you save by line drying your clothes?
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9%
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how much energy can you save by turning off your lights?
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2%
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