Environmental Science

Front 1

What is the innermost zone of the planet?

Back 1

The Core which is made up of nickel and some iron.

Front 2

Asthenosphere

Back 2

located in the outer part of the mantle, and is composed of semi milton ductile rock.

Front 3

The brittle outermost layer of the planet

Back 3

lithosphere approximately 60 miles deep

Front 4

Crust

Back 4

the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

Front 5

Earths Geologic cycle consists of three major processes

Back 5

Tectonic, rock, and soil formation

Front 6

German Meteorologist named Alfred Wegener Hypothesised what?

Back 6

that the word's continents were once joined in a single landmass called pangaea

Front 7

Plate tectonics

Back 7

states that the earths lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

Front 8

Tectonic cycle

Back 8

is the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere.

Front 9

Subduction

Back 9

process where plate passes under another one

Front 10

How is a Volcano formed and what is it

Back 10

Plates that move over geologic hot spot, heat from the rising mantle plume melts the crust, forming a volcano: a vent in earths surface that emits ash, gases, and milton lava.

Front 11

what are three types of plate contact

Back 11

Divergent plate boundaries, convergent, and transform fault boundaries

Front 12

Seafloor spreading

Back 12

Production of new lithosphere

Front 13

Convergent plate boundaries

Back 13

form where plates move toward one another and collide.. responsible for making mountains

Front 14

Transform fault boundary

Back 14

when plates move sideways past each other

Front 15

fault

Back 15

a fracture in rock across which there is movement
- the rock around this is very jagged

Front 16

fault zones

Back 16

large expanses of rock where movement has occurred, form in the brittle upper lithosphere where twwo plates meet.

Front 17

Epicenter

Back 17

an earthquake is the exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures.

Front 18

Rock cycle

Back 18

the constant formation and destruction of rock
-slowest of all earths cycles

Front 19

what is a mineral

Back 19

solid chemical substances with uniform structures that form under specific temperatures and pressures.

Front 20

What are the three distinct rock types?

Back 20

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock

Front 21

Igneous rocks

Back 21

formed from magma (directly)

Front 22

there are two major categories of weathering

Back 22

Physical and chemical

Front 23

Erosion is

Back 23

the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

Front 24

What are the 5 factors that determine properties of soil

Back 24

Parent material, climate, topography,organisms, and time

Front 25

What is the top soil? what does it contain

Back 25

A horizon a mixture of organic material and mineral that have been mixed together

Front 26

B horizon

Back 26

Subsoil composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter. if there are nutrients in the soil, they will be present in the B horizon.

Front 27

Texture

Back 27

the texture of the soil is determined by the amount of salt silt and clay

Front 28

soil degradation

Back 28

the loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth

Front 29

As the earth slowly cooled,
a. lighter elements sank to the core and heavier elements moved to the surface
b. lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and sank to the core
c.lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and moved to the surface
d.lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core.
e.lighter and heavier elements dispersed evenly from the core to the suface

Back 29

D. lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core

Front 30

Evidence for the theory of plate tectonics includes
a. large deposits of copper ore
b.identical rock formations on both sides of the atlantic
c. fossils of the same species on distant continents

1. a only 4. a and b only
2. a and c only 5. a, b, and c
3. b and c only

Back 30

3. b and c

Front 31

Which type of mining is usually most directly harmful to miners ?
a. mountaintop removal
b. open-pit mining
c placer mining
d strip mining
e subsurface mining

Back 31

E. Subsurface mining: Subsurface mining is a dangerous occupation. hazards to miners include accidental burial, explosions, and fires. In addition the inhalation of gases and particles over long periods can lead to a number oc respiratory diseases, including black lung disease and asbestosis, a for of lung cancer.

Front 32

At which type of boundary do tectonic plates move sideways past each other?

Back 32

Transform fault boundary

Front 33

At which type of boundary does subduction occur?

Back 33

Convergent plate boundary

Front 34

At which type of boundary does seafloor spreading occur?

Back 34

Divergent plate boundary

Front 35

Which term refers to the point on the earths surface directly above an earthquake ?

Back 35

Epicenter

Front 36

The soil horizon commonly known as subsoil is the..
a. A horizon
b. O horizon
c. B Horizon
d. C horizon
e. E horizon

Back 36

C. B horizon (subsoil)

Front 37

Tragedy of the commons

Back 37

is the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self interest for short-term gain.

Front 38

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Back 38

the maximum amount that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource.

Front 39

The four major public land management agencies in the united states operate under the principle of multiple use. which of the following uses is common to all four agencies lands?
a. hunting
b mining
c grazing
d timber harvesting
e recreation

Back 39

E. recreation

Front 40

Externality

Back 40

is a cost or benefit of a pod or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service.

Front 41

Electrical Grid

Back 41

connects all power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

Front 42

Combined cycle

Back 42

natural gas-fired power plant, which has two turnines and generators

Front 43

Cogeneration

Back 43

the use of a fuel to generate city and produce heat

Front 44

Thermal Inertia

Back 44

the ability for material to retain heat or cold

Front 45

Aquifers

Back 45

groundwater exists in the multitude of small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment called aquifers

Front 46

Unconfined aquafiers

Back 46

many of theses aquifers are surrounded by porous rock covered with soil. because water can easily flow in and out of such aquifers

Front 47

Confined aquifers

Back 47

surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay.

Front 48

Water table

Back 48

The uppermost level to which water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil. The _____ is considered to be the surface of the ground water in an area.