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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of carbon monoxide poisoning |
Acute poisoning - accidental exposure or suicide attempt - Cherry red color of the skin and mucous Chronic poisoning - Ischemic changes with permanent neuro sequele |
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Collapse and syncope occur when how many percent of Hemoglobin is converted to carboxyhemoglobin |
40 % |
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lead concentration in blood and its effect |
10 ug/ml- Developmental toxicity 40 ug/ml- decreased hemoglobin synthesis 100 ug/ml- encephalopathy, nephropathy, frank anemia, colic 150 ug/ml- death |
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Lead poisoning effects in BONES |
Interfere with bone remodeling of epiphyses in children (Lead lines) |
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Lead effect in BLOOD |
Inhibition of ferrochelatase Iron lade mitochondria (Ringed sideroblast) Microcytic hypochromic anemia with mild hemolysis Basophilic stippling |
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Lead effect in GI |
Sever poorly localized abdominal pain (Lead Colic) |
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Lead effect in Nervous system |
Children:Sensory, motor, intellectual and psych impairments Adults: Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy (Foot drop and Wristdrop) |
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Lead effect in Kidneys |
1. Proximal tubular damge with lead inclusions 2. Impaired Uric excretion (Saturnine gout) |
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Treatment of lead poisoning |
CHELATING AGENTS: Acute: EDTA +- Dimercaprol Out patinet managment: oral SUCCIMER |
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Mercury poisoning source |
Contaminated fish Dental amalgams Gold mining Mercury vapors |
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The main intracelluar protective mechanism against mercury poisoning |
Glutathione |
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Cause of MINAMATA disease and its clinical manifestation |
Methylmercury poisoning Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindnes, mental retardation |
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Treatment for Mecury poisoning |
Acute inorganic: Oral succimer or IM dimercaprol Chronic: SUCCIMER or UNITHIOL -Do not give Dimercaprol |
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The poison of kings and the kings of poison |
Arsenic Source: pesticides, Agricultural products, burning of coal |
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Morphology of arsenic poisoning |
Milk and rose complexion Hyperkeratosis diarrhea transverse bands in nails (Mee's Line Convulsion |
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Cancers associated with arsenic poisoning |
SCCA of the skin, Liver angiosarcoma, Lung cancer |
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Most commmon exogenous cause of human cancers and most preventable cuase of human death |
TOBACCO |
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The most wildly used and abused agent throughout the world |
Alchohol |
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Alcohol Metabolism |
Biotransformed to acetaldehyde by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase increasing NADH/NAD ratio At high level - Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system |
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Morphology of alcoholism |
Acute alcoholism: - Fatty change (Hepatic steatosis) Chronic Alcoholism - Alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis -thiamine deficiency -dilated cardiomyopathy -hpn -CHD -Acute and chronic pancreatitis |
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Superficial excoriation of the epidermis |
Abrasion |
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Blunt force injury to blood vessels with subsequent of blood into tissue |
Contusion (Bruise) |
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Sharp Margins with severed bridging blood vessels |
Incision |
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Jagged tear with intact bridging blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue |
Laceration |
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When instrument pierces the tissue |
Penetrating wound |
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When it traverses a tissue creating an exit wound |
Perforation |
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Thermal Injury: Burns |
Superficial: - Confined within the epidermis Partial thickness burns: - Dermis Full Thickness burns - Subcutaneous tissue, may include muscle |
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Morphology of burns |
Full Thickness: -White or charred and dry -anesthetic Partial: Pink or mottled with blisters Coagulative necrosis |
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Burn complications |
ARDS Infection- Pseudomonas Gastric ulcer- Curlings Squamous cell carcinoma ( Marjolin Ulcer) |
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Result from loss of electrolytes via sweating |
Heat cramps |
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Most common hyperthermic syndrome -result from failure of Cardiovascular system to compensate for hypovolemia |
Heat exhaustion - sudden onset, prostration and collapse |
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Thermoregulatory mechanism fail leading to multi organ dysfunction |
Heat stroke |
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Affected in malignant hyperthermia? |
Nitrosylation of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) |
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common cause of malignant hyperthermia? Drug of choice? |
Succinyl Choline and Halothane
Dantrolene |
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MOA of halothane |
Facilitate GABA-mediated inhibition, Block NMDA and ACH-N receptors |
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Succinylcholine |
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker - Agonist of Ach-N receptors causing initial twitch then persistent depolarization |
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Types of current |
AC more dangerous than DC - AC= tetanic contraction -DC= Single shock |
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Types of radiation |
Non-ionizing - Not sufficient enought to displace electron bound atom Ionizing - Sufficient energy to remove bound electros |
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Tissue susceptibility to radiation |
Most sensitive ( Lymphoid tissue) - other sensitive bone marrow, GI, Germinal tissue Least Sensitive (Bone) - others skin, muscle, brain |
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Radiation injury causes |
Cytoplasmic swelling Mitochodrial distortion Degeneration of ER FIBROSIS and VASCULAR CHANGE |
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Definition of Marasmus |
Weight falls to 60 % of normal Deficiency of all nutrients Better prognosis than kwasiorkor |
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Clinical findings in marasmus |
Emaciation, Loss of muscle, growth retardation, Immune deficiency, but Normal ALBUMIN Broomstick extremities Bone marrow hypoplasia |
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Kwasiorkor definition |
Protein depribation is greater than reduction in calories Most common form of Protein-energy malnut associated with Generalized or dependent edema |
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Clinical finding in Kwasiorkor |
Skin lesions (Flaky paint appearance) Hair changes (Flag sign) Enlarged, fatty liver (Dec Apo B-100) Loss of villi and microvilli in SB Bone marrow hypoplasia Cerebral atrophy Thymic and lymphoid atrophy |
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Features of Anorexia nervosa |
self induced starvation, resulting in marked weight loss Highest death rate of any psychitric disorder |
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Features of bulimia Nervosa |
BInges on food and then induces vomiting more common than anorexia Sever dental caries Erosion of tooth enamel (perimolysis) Swollen salivary gland Russells sign - calluses on back of hands due to repeated traum from incissors |
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Vitamin A Function |
Maintaining normal vision Differentiation of specialized epi cells - esp.. Mucus secreting cells Enhance immunity |
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Effects of deficiency to Vit A |
Nyctalopia (First signs of deficiency) Xeropthalmia Bitot spots (Buildup of keratin) Keratomalacia Squamous metaplasia blindess renal calculi |
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Effects of Toxicity in vit A |
Papilledema Pseudotumor cerebri - Idiopathic cranial hypertension Seizure Hepatitis Bone pain |
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Effects of vitamin D deficiency |
Pathologic fracture Bow leg (Genu varum) Tetani Craniotabes Rachitic rosary Pigeon Breast Deformity |
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Effects of Vit C deficiency |
SCURVY: Perifollicular hemorrhage hemarthrosis bleeding gums loosened teeth glossitis poor wound healing |
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Softened occipital bone with elastic recoil |
Craniotabes |
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Overgrowth of cartilage at costochondral junction |
Rachitic rosary |
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Inward bending of weakend metaphysel areas of rib |
Pectus carinatum |
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Bowing of legs (outward) |
Genu varum |
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Adult disease caused by Vit D deficiency |
Osteomalacia |
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Effect of zinc deficiency |
Acrodermatitis eneropathica Anorexia diarrhae growth retardation depressed wound healing |
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Effect of selenium def |
Congestive Cardiomyopathym (keshan disease) |
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Copper deficiency |
Muscle weakness neuro defects abnormal collagen cross linking |