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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tropospheric Ozone
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at high concentrations, it is a pollutant (GHG). Regulated by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
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Acid Rain
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atmospheric deposition of acidic substances, which can have moderate effects on aquatic life in some lakes and streams as well as forests. The sources that deposit it are mostly anthropogenic.
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Sulfur Allowance Program
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Cap-and-trade program, which is a notable shift from the past where emissions from each unit were regulated but not aggregate emissions. Auction market is allowed, and anyone can purchase allowances. This program has also resulted in cost savings.
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Zero Revenue auction
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tradable permits are sold to the highest bidder (?)
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Stratospheric Ozone depletion
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CFCs are depleting ozone here, which is necessary to absorb ultraviolet rays, thereby shielding the earth. Because of depletion, there has been an increase in instances of skin cancer.
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Montreal and subsequent protocols
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In response to threat of depleting ozone, signatory nations had to restrict their production and consumption of the chief gases responsible for global pollution to 50% of 1986 levels. The plan was successful in controling ozone depletion.
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Multilateral Fund
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Helps developing countries to meet phase-out requirements for chemicals covered by the Montreal Protocol. It promotoes technical change towards more environmentally safe products & equipment, as well as gives financial assistance to phase out ozone-depleting substances.
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Climate Change
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Due to changing mix and distribution of GHGs, like CO2, which control our global temperatures/climate. IPCC assesses climate change and has found that most warming over the last 50 years has been due to human activity. GHG damage is an externality in both space are time, which makes regulation extremely difficult. 4 strategies: 1)climatic engineering, 2)adaptation, 3)mitigation, 4)prevention
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The Kyoto Protocol Design
a) Emissions Trading b) Joint Implementation c) Clean Development Mechanism |
Established legally binding emissions targets that can be implemented cooperatively through 3 mechanisms. 1)ET: assigned amounts can be traded 2)JI:industrialized countries can receive emissions reduction credits if they help finance specific projects that reduce net emissions in another industrialized country 3)CDM:industrialized countries may receive certified emissions reduction credits for reducing emissions in third world countries.
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Global Environmental Facility
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provides loans and grants to projects that have a global impact, including those that reduce climate change. Follows the marginal external cost rule.
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Marginal External Cost Rule
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costs that cannot be justified domestically but are internationally justifiable are picked up by an international body like the GEF
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Incentives for Counteracting the Free-Rider Problem
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1) only gain insight from research and development of more environmentally friendly strategies if your country joins the Climate Change agreement
2)sharing benefits between gainers and losers- if one country gains more from an agreement than other, these gains should be equalized. |
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Implicit Subsidies in Driving (mobile Source Pollution)
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1) Road construction and maintenance costs are mostly funded through tax dollars, so there is no relationship between the number of miles driven and private cost.
2)free parking creates bias towards private auto owners. |
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Externalities of Driving
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1)road congestion increases amount of time it takes to drive somewhere
2)High levels of pollution exist inside vehicles from the exhaust of the cars ahead. 3)social costs of accidents increase as number of miles driven increases |
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Lead Phaseout Program
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strict standards placed by EPA on lead contents in gasoline because lead had serious human health impacts
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