Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are two objectives of the Clean Air Act?
|
Protect and enhance the quality of national air resources
Protect public health and welfare while fostering a beneficial productive capacity |
|
|
What four laws are current air pollution laws based on?
|
- air pollution control act of 1955
- clean air act of 1963 - air quality Act of 1967 - significant amendments in 1970, 1977, and 1990 |
|
|
What are four environmental effects of air pollution?
|
- ecosystem effects
- property damage -quality of life effects -global climate change |
|
|
What are four effects on water bodies of air pollution?
|
- acidification of lakes and stream
- vegetation damage |
|
|
Name four effects air pollution has on the quality of life of people?
|
- reduced visibility
- reduced enjoyment of outdoors - added work - detrimental economic effects |
|
|
Which law specifically states that its dedicated to “the prevention and control of air pollution at its source is the primary responsibility of State and local governments.”
|
Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
|
|
|
The Clean Air Act of 1963 authorized the Departments of Health, Education, and Welfare to do what?
|
establish nonmandatory air quality criteria
|
|
|
Which act authorized "practicable emission standards" for motor vehicles?
|
Clean Air Act of 1963
|
|
|
What were two groundbreaking features of the Air Quality Act of 1967?
|
The establishment of atmospheric areas and air quality control regions
The issuance of “air quality criterion” and “control techniques” reports |
|
|
What were four features of the Clean Air Act of 1970?
|
USEPA
Air Quality Management NAAQS SIPs NESHAP/NSPS Citizen Lawsuits |
|
|
What were four amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1977?
|
Nonattainment
PSD Strengthened mobile source provisions Visibility/Stratospheric Ozone |
|
|
What were four amendments to the Clean Air ACt of 1990?
|
Major change in approach to attainment/nonattainment
Overhaul of hazardous air pollutants Market based incentives Enhanced ozone monitoring - PAMS |
|
|
Where are Criteria Pollutants regulated under?
|
National Ambient Air Quality standards
|
|
|
Name the Six Criteria pollutants
|
Particulate Matter
Lead Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone (ground level) |
|
|
What is a hazardous air pollutant?
|
Any of 189 chemicals and compound groups listed in CAAA of 1990 as hazardous air pollutants
|
|
|
When has the Clean Air Act of 1963 been amended?
|
1970, which redefined the State and Federal roles in the control of the Nation’s air quality
1977, which imposed significant regulatory requirements on new sources in areas where air quality was cleaner than NAAQs |
|
|
What must the Department of Energy do under the Clean Air Act of 1963?
|
must meet EPA’s CAA objectives and criteria for Federal air quality
|
|
|
The EPA is exempt from NEPA when
|
taking regulatory action under the CAA based on “functional equivalence” between EPA actions to carry out environmental protection requirements and NEPA requirements
|
|
|
Name two impacts of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act?
|
Strengthened measures for attaining air quality standards (Title I)
Established tighter emission standards for vehicles and fuel (Title II) |
|
|
What are three new opportunities for public participation under the 1990 amendments?
|
Participating in public hearings
Suing the government or a source’s owner or operator Requesting action by EPA or the state against violators |
|
|
T/F The 1990 Amendments created features to let businesses make choices on the best way to reach pollution cleanup goals.
|
T
|
|
|
The 1990 Amendments discourages economic incentives
|
Example - gasoline refiners can get credits for producing cleaner gasoline than required and they use those credits when their gasoline doesn’t achieve cleanup requirements.
|
|
|
What are the Primary standards of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards?
|
Primary standards specify concentration levels intended to protect public health
|
|
|
What are the secondary standards of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards?
|
Soils
Vegetation Wildlife |
|
|
T/F sulfur dioxide is more damaging to humans or animals than vegetation
|
false
|
|
|
The EPA established ________________________Soils
Vegetation Wildlife |
geographic regions
|
|
|
Title I addresses noattainment areas for
|
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Ozone Lead Particulate matter (PM-10) |
|
|
In 1992, EPA revised the definition for major stationary sources in NAAs to set thresholds for new sources based on
|
the severity of the area’s air pollution
|
|
|
What do State Implementation Plans do?
|
set emission limits and reduction measures for the specific sources in that State
|
|
|
What are included in State implementation plans?
|
Include an emissions inventory of all existing sources that emit any regulated pollutant
Establish a mix of emission limits and other measures to control each criteria pollutant Contain permit programs required under the CAA |
|
|
What is the new source performance standards program
|
a nationally uniform emissions standard program developed by category of industrial sources and encompasses “new sources” only. This includes stationary sources constructed or significantly modified after enactment of the regulation.
|
|
|
The NSPS set minimum
|
nationwide emission limitations on classes of facilities
|
|
|
NSPSs must take into account
|
Cost of achieving emissions reductions
Best demonstrated technology |
|
|
Title II reduces air pollution from mobile sources by:
|
Stricter emission standards for mobile sources
Stricter standards on gasoline and diesel fuel to reduce emissions Programs to encourage and force the development of “clean” fuel vehicles |
|
|
Name two efffects of the 1990 amendments
|
Increased the number of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) from 8 to 188
HAP standards were changed from health-based to technology-based |
|
|
The 1990 amendments represented a regulatory shift from
|
health-based, substance-specific standards to technology-oriented, performance-based standards
|
|
|
NESHAPs are nationally uniform standards established to control pollutants that may result in:
|
An increase in mortality
An increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating, but reversible, illness |
|
|
The CAA set requirements for
|
obtaining preconstruction permits for major stationary facilities or operations to ensure that any listed HAP emissions comply with the NESHAPs (Section 112).
|
|
|
Emission standards must require
|
“maximum achievable control technology” (MACT) to be used for both new and some existing sources
|
|
|
Measures to implement MACT include
|
Pollution controls
Process changes Materials substitution Operator training |
|
|
All stationary sources must prepare a Risk
|
management plan
|
|
|
Title IV establishes specific requirements for reducing
|
Sulfur dioxide emissions
Nitrogen oxides |
|
|
Title IV- Acid Rain control:
|
Establishes a new market-based system
Allocates “emission allowances” to power plants Requirements for compliance include: Reduce emissions, or Acquire allowances from other plants |
|
|
Title V- Operating permits must include
|
Enforceable emission limitations and standards
Schedule of compliance Requirements for submission of monitoring data |
|
|
What are five effects of Title V?
|
Establishes an expanded permitting program.
New permit program is fee-based Federal facilities are subject to any fee or charge imposed by the State or local agency to defray the costs of its regulatory pollutant |
|
|
What are three things that title VI requires
|
Complete phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons and halons
Reduction in use and emissions of other ozone-depleting substances Prohibition of knowingly venting refrigerants |
|
|
Expanded CAA enforcement provisions include
|
New criminal sanctions for intentional violations
Administrative penalty mechanisms |
|
|
What are Activities that must comply with the CAA
|
Coal-fired power plants
Small furnace, kiln, boiler, and ventilation stacks Lab vents Paint booths Hazardous waste incinerators |
|
|
A CAA permit may be required for the following Environmental Restoration activities
|
Soils removal
Ground water pump and treat Building decomissioning |
