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22 Cards in this Set
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1. Define the concept of global marketplace and examine how commodities chains are linked to environmental degradation. To illustrate your point, explain how the fast food industry contributes to social problems and environmental degradation.
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*Global marketplace-a tapestry of networks of commodity exchanges that bind producers and consumers across the world.
*Commoditie chains are linked to environmental degradation because food is now taken from one country to another and uses carbon emissions and is energy-inefficient. People are now also turinng resources into waste faster than nature can turn the waste back into resources. The growing pressure on ecosystems cause habitat destruction. *Fast Food industry contributes to environmental degradation because a lot of fast food is food from a mix of different countries and travels a long way to get to its destination. It requires the use of transportation that uses fuel and can harm the environment. People over overconsuming products and threatening human well being |
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1. Define the concept of global marketplace and examine how commodities chains are linked to environmental degradation. To illustrate your point, explain how the fast food industry contributes to social problems and environmental degradation.
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*Global marketplace-a tapestry of networks of commodity exchanges that bind producers and consumers across the world.
*Commoditie chains are linked to environmental degradation because food is now taken from one country to another and uses carbon emissions and is energy-inefficient. People are now also turinng resources into waste faster than nature can turn the waste back into resources. The growing pressure on ecosystems cause habitat destruction. *Fast Food industry contributes to environmental degradation because a lot of fast food is food from a mix of different countries and travels a long way to get to its destination. It requires the use of transportation that uses fuel and can harm the environment. People over overconsuming products and threatening human well being |
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2. What are the three obstacles that according to McMichael interfere with a necessary response towards an equitable and sustainable path?
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) * The objective obstacle of inequality btw and within nations.
*The subjective consequence of uneven development *The economism that frames solutions to social and ecological crises. |
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How are “globetrotting” food and the “lifestyle connection” linked to social problems and environmental degradation?
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Globetrotting increases traveling of food =rising emissions of carbon dioxide, the faster we can get food the more demand wich leads to unsustainability and now humans are living beyond what they need. May cause global competition
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How is your lifestyle connected to environmental degradation, according to McMichaelHow is the increasing consumption of beef and poultry by countries like China in a globalized world linked to the destruction of the Amazon
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As I eat more meat I am causing deforstation and pollutionfrom farms. I want more and consume more causeing envi. Problems we are living beyond our ecological needs.try to keep up w everyone else ? Because fast food undustries are now using some of the amazons resources in their food. The brazillian soy boom . it is sending greenhouse gases skyward taking away their natural resources and causing deforstation. Global food tastes change so there is a demand for beef and pollutry that has a higher envir footprint than other types of food. To decrease envir footprint eat vegetatian style.
Global food tastes change so there is a demand for beef and pollutry that has a higher envir footprint than other types of food. To decrease envir footprint eat vegetatian style. |
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Define the concept of globalization. According to McMichael, what are the four key practices of globalization? What is meant by each one of them? Illustrate these concepts with examples drawn from the videos watched in class, “Performing the Border” and “Love, Women and Flowers.” What is meant by maquiladoras? Identify the U.S. industries that have operations offshore in Ciudad Juarez. Describe the characteristics of the workers in maquiladoras. What kind of labor practices are enforced in this setting? What kind of environmental impacts do maquiladoras have in the Mexican-American border region?
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Globalizton is — interrelations among national economies and societies/cultures have become integrated.
*Outsourcing-Relocation of goods and services production as a cost-reduction strategy and a means to increase operational flexibility of a firm. Large supplies of cheap wage laborers, abundant nat. resources and energy supplies, taxes advantages, weaker envir. Regulations, transformation of employment, generates clusters of prosperity networked more often across national borders than within them. *Displacement- Casualization of labor, redundancy of people, starts w/ de-peasantizaion, peasantry always has been as expendable an redundant in the modern world *informalization- informal activity involves substantial mechanisms of social reproducion, on which the formal economy depends. Distinction btw. Leagal/moral sector,illegal/immoral sector. Assumption that nat. accounting measures legal cash transactions. Small- scale enterprises and large scale harvesting operations *Global Recolonization-technological-industrial dependence, industrial development is now dependant on the existence of an export sector, industrial development is strongly conditional on the technological monopoly exercise by the dominant economies. Export of sustainability from the global south as a result of relocation of industrial agriculture. Informalization? Flowers recycling how ppl reycle, brazil informalization gone right and improved lives. Ex when it has not improved lives…mexico city prostition to make money effects neg…jobs that don’t have social protections Maquiidors- cheap laboring companies that produce auto parts for cheap labor that have young single women working for very little money This pollutes the air, decreases water quality. US industries- Samsungt,GM,sonyThe maquiladoras do provide Mexican border cities with a great number of jobs |
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5. What was new about the process of globalization? What have made possible the internationalization of trade and waste in the processes of globalization? What is meant by neoliberalism according to Harvey? In what ways are globalization and neoliberalism connected to environmental degradation in developing countries?
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a newly developed capacity to locate capitalist production facilities in virtually every corner of the planet “, productive waste circuits. —1) Innovations in global transportation, communications and information systems
—2) Major improvements in infrastructure and educational, skill, and productivity levels of labor power in the developing world —3) Neoliberalization —a) Deregulation —Reduction of all forms of control, especially economic regulations, which inhibit industry’s ability to maximize profits — b) Privatization —Transfer of state owned enterprises, SOEs to corporate private control For example: petroleum, telecommunications, electricity, gas, and water state-run companies were sold to private corporations c) Withdrawal of the state from many areas of social provision —Cut public spending on activities which cannot be privatized e.g., social services —Commercial rates are charged for public services (health care, education, water, electricity) —4) Unevenness development —5) Political pressure by international multilateral organizations (WB, IMF) for establishing neoliberal projects in the South through SAPs (Structural Adjustment Programs) —6) Export of ideals of a consumerist culture —6) Increasing demands for goods and services |
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6. Based on the Documentary “Love, Women and Flowers” and Maharaj and
Hohn’s article, “Fleurs du Mal,” answer the following questions: a. What are the social and environmental consequences of flower production in Colombia? |
? Cause,birth defects, cancer to the workers/health problems women also don’t hav to go to school cause they can work with flowers. Causes chemicals to get into the environment
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c. What conditions help wealthy landowners to obtain most of the benefits?they don’t pay their workers much and charge for the flowers a lot of money
d. In what ways the social construction of gender is related to the social construction of nature in a specific type of commodity, flowers |
? Flowers are made to make women feel better but really they are hurting them and emphasizing that flower are more important than women. People are dieing from the price of beut
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. What do flowers symbolize? Love,purity, gentleness How are women linked to flowers? What is the association made between human emotions and “natural” (flowers)? How “natural” are these flowers?
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Women are usually the ones picking the flowers and putting them into boques while getting chemicals and neg. associations from the flowers. These flowers are not natural for the most part they are genetically modified to make them look prettier and last longer.
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What constitutes the international framework of the development project
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development project-internationally organized strategy for pursuing nationally managed economic growth?
•Political and legal –Marshall Plan -European and Japanese reconstruction –Bretton Woods System •International Bank for Reconstruction and Development- World Bank •International Monetary Fund-IMF •Material support –Foreign aid Military aid Food aid program –Technology transfer –Stable currency exchange Trade |
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How did Bretton Woods system and multilateral arrangements shape national development strategies of developing countries?
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Bretton woods- global banking operation
world bank- to raise money for development, make loans for national infrastructural projects International monetary fund- to help nat. economies with payment difficulties |
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In what ways did the development project reshape the international division of labor?
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•Commercial agriculture concentrate in the First World
•Self-sufficiency declined in all regions except Latin America •Manufacturing dispersed form the “First world” to the “Third World” |
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How did the food aid program affect food security of developing countries?
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It changed their diet to animal protein/culute /socially and gave them a variety of food to make them healthier. # of manufacturing companies, rural groups moved to urban areas. Cheap food
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What is meant by Structural Adjustment Programs, SAPs? What were their aims? What are their basic components? In what context did they emerge?
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Emerged- •Direct and deliberate involvement of Supranational Organizations
–IMF –International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - World Bank) Aims-curbing inflaion, liberalizing the economy SAPS renamed poverty reduction strategy papers Basic components: 1)trade liberalization ,encourage trade and investment, increase taxes 2)Restructuring of the state reduce state involvement in the economy- downsize gov. ,workers laid off 3)Fiscal measures- reduction of inflation, encourage investment rather than savingthe policy changes implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries. These policy changes are conditions (Conditionalities) for getting new loans from the IMF or World Bank, or for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans. Conditionalities are implemented to ensure that the money lent will be spent in accordance with the overall goals of the loan. The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are created with the goal of reducing the borrowing country's fiscal imbalances. The bank from which a borrowing country receives its loan depends upon the type of necessity. The SAPs are supposed to allow the economies of the developing countries to become more market oriented. This then forces them to concentrate more on trade and production so it can boost their economy.[1] |
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Identify and discuss three negative environmental impacts of globalization and three ways in which the potential for positive environmental impacts are evidenced. Provide examples. Why do global environmental impacts occur unevenly? Provide some examples.
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*Pollution in poor countries Air pollution from traveling across distances, using up too many nat. resources and hurting them making it unsustainable, Techniques change as technologies are able to extract more from nature, clearing forests legal or illegal for crops, inequality can increase,
*positive -Economic growth is the source of wellbeing and progress, globalization generally beneficial to everyone, free markets produce the most efficient and socially optimal allocation of resources. –the growth of global markets in green products worldwide environmental standards –regulations for industry and sustainability policies for rural development *Unevenly because of 1)variations in geography- diff. problems have different impact on diff places ex. Global warming and sea level rise has diff significance for territory adjacent to coast.2) Political strategies for envir. Protection- monitoring systems and conservation strategies 3)Decentralization- trend toward an emphasis on incorporating the local level of envir. Governance in local communities. Globalization plays a major role in the politics of envir. Conservation because global political and economic processes unfluence how protected areas are |
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Identify the major principles of market capitalism and discuss the problems that have been identified by critics of market capitalism about the markets as a strategy to reduce environmental degradation.
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Market capitalism- measurement of size of a business enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a public company.
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What is meant by the Precautionary Principle? What is meant by risk-benefit analysis? Is the Precautionary Principle a sound approach to risk analysis? Take a position and explain it.
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The principle applies to human health and the environment, " "Better safe than sorry." When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.”
Risk-benefit analysis- the riskiness of a present action in terms of its possible outcomes is weighed against the benefit or value of action. Yes, the principle has been proven to help in many ways such as to prevent pestisides from being sprayed in city parks. It protects our environment .it helps stop risks to the envir by stopping it before it happens. |
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In what ways do many Americans think about wilderness according to Cronon? Untouched, unworked, last remaining place where civizalations hasn’t fully infected the earth. How has the notion of nature /wilderness changed in the western world? What have its sources of change been? What are the sources of the mainstream environmental movement in the US? How is the wilderness experience a classist experience? In what ways does the notion of “nature as wilderness” affect our environmental practices?
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In what ways do many Americans think about wilderness according to Cronon? Untouched, unworked, last remaining place where civizalations hasn’t fully infected the earth. How has the notion of nature /wilderness changed in the western world? What have its sources of change been? What are the sources of the mainstream environmental movement in the US? How is the wilderness experience a classist experience? In what ways does the notion of “nature as wilderness” affect our environmental practices?
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What is meant by the “national park ideal”?
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”? Notion that nature can be “preserved” from the effects of human agency by legislatively creating a bounded space for nature.
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Discuss the two aesthetical bases for the national park ideal and their impact in the development of the national park concept in the U.S.
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1)The Pastoral-learned new ways of looking at landscapes and created landscapes as prospects fromt heir hourses. Cultivated land, resources and labor were increasinglgly unnatural, nature could only exist where human society had not intervened.
2) The sublime- applies greater emphasis to the idea of the sublime as the basis for picturesque nature, central to the development of the nineteen-century European romanticism. Middle class refinement throughout western Europe. •American romanticism eventually played a leading role in the development of the national park and wilderness ideals in the United States |
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Explore the ways in which to export the national park concept to other parts of the world becomes problematic.
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•National parks in North America were given unique meaning and form different from those of English landscape parks, the aesthetic ideals that underpinned the movement were imported from Europe
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