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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to the WHO, what is the definition of health?
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State of total physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or illness
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What four factors determine our health?
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Heredity or Biological Factor
Medical Care Lifestyle Environment |
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What are the three aspects to the continuum of health care?
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Preventative
Curative Rehabilitative |
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What is the definition of environmental health?
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The study of the impact of the environment on humans and humans impact on the environment
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What are the two main purposes of environmental health?
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Protecting human health and at the same time protecting the environment through sound applied science
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The prevention of morbidity and mortality in humans through the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards in the environment for the protection of the public's health and the environment is another definition of what?
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Environmental health
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Environmental health is a/an:
a. Applied science b. Health science c. both |
c. both
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What are the four environmental health science and protection relationships?
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Environmental Stressors
Environmental Factors Areas of Contact Protect, Enhance, Conserve and Preserve |
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What are the four environmental, health, and medical care overlaps?
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Curative Medicine
Preventive Medicine Environmental Protection Environmental Health |
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What are the five focal practice areas of environmental health?
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Air
Water Land Community Health Occupational Health |
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What are the six main aspects of environmental health (i.e. what are the different roles of EH)?
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Water Quality Management
Wastewater Disposal Solid and Hazardous Waste Vector Control Food and Milk Safety Industrial Hygiene |
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What are the four lines of defense of environmental health?
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First line of defense against disease: Environmental Mgmt.
Second line of defense: Public health and preventive medicine Third line of defense: phagocytosis and immunity Fourth line of defense: Curative medicine |
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Which of the four determinants of our health is the most important?
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Environment
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In which area of the continuum of care is environmental health currently and where should it be?
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Curative; preventative
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Match:
1. Environmental studies 2. Environmental Science 3. Environmental health a. Looks at interaction between humans and environment b. Policy and development in environmental health c. Study of the air, land, and water fauna & flora |
1. b
2. c 3. a |
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What is the #1 littered item in the world?
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Cigarette butt
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Which is more expensive: curative medicine or preventative medicine?
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Curative
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What ancient laws stated that milk and meat could not be served in the same dish?
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Mosaic laws
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Minoans were credited with what?
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The earliest water and waste systems
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Ancient Greeks were known for what?
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Personal hygiene
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Romans were first to hold inspections of what?
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Public baths
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Who were the first public health workers?
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Priests
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William Budd discovered what two diseases?
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TB and typhoid
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Edward Chadwick was known for what?
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Early sanitary reformations
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Whose lifework dealt with the sanitary condition of Massachusetts?
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Shattuck
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Who laid the early foundations for the health department?
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Shattuck
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Rachel Carson's work "Silent Spring" dealt with what?
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DDT exposure
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In what decade was the EPA and OSHA established?
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1970's
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Which statute deals with insecticides?
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FIFRA
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Which statute states that communities have the right to know where hazardous materials are stored?
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EPCRA
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What are the four types of environmental law in the U.S.?
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Constitutional, statutory, administrative, and common & case law
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Who determines the interpretation of laws?
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Supreme court
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Which environmental law is customary an traditional, not really enforceable?
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Common law
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What are the three steps in due process?
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Notices, hearings, appeals
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Which two amendments deal with due process?
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4th and 14th
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What are the three major environmental hazard groups?
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Biological, chemical, and physical agents
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What is defined as the presence of a foreign substance - organic, inorganic, radiological or biological - that tends to degrade the quality of the environment so as to create a health hazard?
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Pollution
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What is defined as a definite pathological process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual?
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Disease
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What is defined as any pathologic process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual and are the consequence of external factors, including exposure to biological, physical or chemical agents, poor nutrition, and social or cultural behaviors?
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Environmental disease
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What are fomites?
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Inanimate objects that can carry and transmit disease
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What are the eight requirements for the growth of microorganisms?
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favorable oxygen supply
favorable temperature food moisture favorable pH favorable osmotic pressure absence of toxic materials space |
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What are the five phases of the growth curve for microorganisms?
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lag phase
log growth phase stationary phase log death phase readjustment phase |
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What class of physical agent is thalydamide?
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Teraogens
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What class of physical agent are vinyl choride, cadmium, and dioxen in?
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Mutagens
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Which diseases (7 listed) are transmitted by GI discharges?
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typhoid fever
cholera E.coli as in E.coli 0157:H7 amebic dysentery infectious hepatitis Cryptosporidiosis Schistosomiasis |
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Which five diseases are transmitted by respiratory discharges?
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Tuberculosis, TB
Diphtheria Measles Pneumonia Influenza, flu |
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Which seven diseases are transmitted via animals or vectors?
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rabies
anthrax salmonellosis camplylobacteriosis Giardiasis Guinea worm infection Malaria |
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What is the term for the exposure to two different disease agents whereby the second agent increases the risk of disease when combined with the first agent?
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Synergy
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What is the term for the exposure to two different disease agents whereby the second agent increases the risk of disease when combined with the first agent, though the second agent alone is a weak carcinogen?
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Promotion
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What are the tools of environmental health?
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Epidemiology
Toxicology Law Government |
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What percentage of the world's population live in countries facing water shortages?
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40%
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What does anthropogenic mean?
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Generated by humans and not a part of a natural process
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What three things have all contributed to pollution of the world's water supply?
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Industry, agriculture, and overpopulation
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What are the four potential pollution sources in the United States for groundwater?
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(1) over 23 million septic systems;
(2) between five and six million underground storage tanks; (3) millions of tons of pesticides and fertilizers; and (4) municipal landfills, and abandoned hazardous waste sites. |
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Which source of groundwater contamination refers to pollutants entering the environment from a specific point such as a pipe or a specific source such as a factory or treatment plant?
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Point source
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Which source of groundwater contamination refers to pollutants entering the environment from a broad area and may include scattered sources?
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Non-point source
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How old are the current septic tank regulations?
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>25 years
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What are three strategies used to protect water supplies in the U.S.?
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Protection of areas near sources of drinking water, limitations on pollutant discharges into our waterways, and the processes of chlorination and filtration
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What is used to scrub off chlorine from water?
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SO2
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What type of outbreak tends to be more chronic? (physical, chemical, or biological)
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Chemical
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What are the four major US outbreak locations (in regards to water-borne disease)?
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Water treatment plants
Plumbing problems Wells Recreation water exposure |
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What type of water-borne disease is carried by water:
1. Cholera and typhoid 2. Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis 3. Bacillary dysentary |
1. Cholera and typhoid
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What type of water-borne disease is carried by water:
1. Cholera and typhoid 2. Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis 3. Bacillary dysentary |
1. Cholera and typhoid
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What type of water-borne disease is caused by poor sanitation/insufficient supply:
1. Cholera and typhoid 2. Schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis 3. Bacillary dysentary |
3. Bacillary dysentary
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Which disease(s) is/are eradicable:
Cholera, schistosomiasis, or dracunculiasis? |
Dracunculiasis
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Which disease(s) is/are not now eradicable:
Cholera, schistosomiasis, or dracunculiasis? |
Cholera, schistosomiasis
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What are water-borne diseases associated with (what are the key factors for a country to have water-borne diseases)?
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poverty
rapid population growth lack of infrastructure development lack of personal hygiene practices inadequate water supply |
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What are the three impacts of water-borne diseases?
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high infant mortality/ child mortality
high incidences of morbidity high economic costs |
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What are three things we can address in order to combat water-borne diseases?
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Developmental needs
Poverty alleviation Basic human needs |
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What are the four recommendations from the PHO, WHO for water-borne diseases
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Improve water supply and sanitation
Strengthen monitoring and surveillance Mass health education programs Motivate and help high risk populations |
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What are the two species mentioned in the coliform group?
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Escherichia coli
Enterobacter aerogenes |
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Which species of the coliform group is solely fecal?
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E. coli
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Which species of the coliform group is both non-fecal and fecal?
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Aerobacter aerogenes and cloacae
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What is used to assess the microbiology for safe drinking water?
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Total coliform levels
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What type of coliform uses fermentation of lactose and grows on specialized media within 24 hrs. at 44.5 degrees C?
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Fecal
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What is the best indicator of fecal contamination in water?
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Fecal coliform
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Which water contamination inhabits the intestines of man and other warm-blooded animals?
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Fecal coliform
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What are three possible sources of fecal coliform in water?
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Sewage from water/waste water treatment plants, leakage from septic tanks, runoff from pasture lands
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Is fecal coliform a good test for drinking water?
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No
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What areas can fecal coliform testing be applied?
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Investigating stream pollution, bathing waters, waste water treatment plants and water quality monitoring
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What are the two sources listed for fecal streptococcus?
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Found in feces and insects & plants
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If the FC/FS ration is greater than four, what can we presume to be the source of contamination?
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Human
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If the FC/FS ration is less than 0.7, what can we presume to be the source of contamination?
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Animal
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What does the FC/FS ration measure?
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Fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio
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What are the six tests for water quality?
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Fecal coliform
Fecal streptococcus FS/FC ratio Dissolved oxygen Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand |
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What is dissolved oxygen measured in?
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mg/l and ppm
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The colder the water, the _____ the dissolved oxygen (higher, lower).
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Higher
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What is the minimum dissolved oxygen amount needed for a well rounded fish population?
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5 mg/l
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What is the name for the index of the progress of self purification of water?
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Oxygen sag curve
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Does the Chesapeake Bay have a high or low level of dissolved oxygen?
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Low
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What are the four zones of the oxygen sag curve?
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Zone of degredation
Zone of active decomp Zone of recovery Zone of clean water |
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What is defined as the amount of oxygen required to stabilize the decomposable organic matter in a water by aerobic biochemical action?
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BOD
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What is the measure of the quantity of oxygen consumed by microorganisms?
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BOD
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What is the measure of microbial oxygen needs?
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BOD
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What is the index of the relative oxygen requirements of wastewater's, effluents and contaminated waters?
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BOD
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Which water quality test is used in the measuring the strength of sewage, in evaluating the efficiency of waste water treatment systems, and the measuring the degree of water pollution in streams, etc?
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BOD
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What is used for the index of the progress in stream self purification?
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BOD
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In which zone does the BOD and DO cross?
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Zone of recovery
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Would you have a high or low DO if you had a high BOD?
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Low
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What is the equation of a plant's efficient with influent/effluent handling?
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(In-Out)/In
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What must a waste water plant efficiency be, by EPA standards?
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85%
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What is defined as the amount of chemically oxidizable organic matter in a sample?
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Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
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What is measured as the oxygen equivalent?
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COD
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What is proportional to amount of chemical oxidant consumed>
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COD
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What is defined as the measure of amount of organic waste in a sample?
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COD
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Which water quality test is frequently used to study streams receiving industrial wastes and efficient of waste water treatment plants?
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COD
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What are the three advantages of COD?
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-Measures a wider spectrum of organic compounds
-Test conditions readily standardized -Results not affected by presence of toxic substances |
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What are the two advantages of BOD?
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-Gives a better picture of what is actually occurring in a polluted water
-Less expensive |
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What are the five water pollution controls?
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Environmental Health Controls
Environmental Engineering Controls Legal Controls Public Health Education Controls Epidemiological Controls; i.e. disease control |
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What are three things that can help protect surface waters against pollution?
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Watershed fencing, limited recreational access, and public education
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Groundwater sources supply drinking water to ___% of the people living in the United States and to ___% of people living in U.S. rural areas.
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50;90
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The main steps of water treatment are what?
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Sedimentation
coagulation-flocculation, filtration, and disinfection |
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How many community water supply systems are there in the U.S.?
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200,000
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What is the most critical step in water treatment?
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Disinfection
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What are the three sources of private drinking water?
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Cisterns, wells, and springs
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What does the Safe Drinking Water Act do?
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Allows the United States EPA to set Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for water pollutants to protect the public health.
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Who enforces the Safe Drinking Water Act?
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Individual states
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In the national drinking water standards, primary =_____, secondary=_____.
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Health; welfare
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What does MCL and MCLG stand for?
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MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG = Max. Cont. Level Goal |
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What are the seven categories for the national drinking water standards?
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Microorganisms and turbidity
inorganics synthetic organics volitale organic compounds radionuclides disinfectants disinfectant by products |
