Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Environmental Health
|
Studying the impact of people on the environment and vice versa
|
|
|
Risk
|
- Possibility of loss or injury, peril
- The chance of loss; the probability of loss |
|
|
3 routes of exposure
|
- inhalation
- ingestion - absorption through skin |
|
|
3 agents
|
chemical, biological, and physical
|
|
|
4 vectors
|
water, air, solid, and food
|
|
|
The Precautionary Principle
|
Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty
|
|
|
IPAT
|
I=PAT
Environmental impact = Population x Affluence x Technology |
|
|
Objective vs. subjective factors
|
objective = scientific (toxicology, biology)
subjective = non-scientific (religion, politics) |
|
|
Hazard
|
A factor or exposure that may adversely affect health
|
|
|
Difference between hazard and risk
|
hazard is a thing, risk is a probability
|
|
|
Types of Environmental Health Hazards
|
Biological
Chemical Physical/Noise Radiologic |
|
|
Neurotoxin
|
effect on central nervous system
|
|
|
Mutagen
|
alteration in DNA
|
|
|
Teratogens
|
birth defects
|
|
|
Reproductive toxicants
|
effects on the parents (sperm count, conceive)
|
|
|
Metabolic toxicants
|
toxins within the body
|
|
|
Phases of mercury
|
INORGANIC -> ORGANIC -> METHYL
|
|
|
POPs
|
Persistent Organic Pollutants - pesticides, herbicides, manufacturing byproducts
|
|
|
Characteristic of POPs
|
Remain in the environment for a long time
Can travel long distances Resist degradation Have found their way into every living organism on earth Exhibit a spectrum of toxicities |
|
|
Ionizing radiation
|
enough energy to eject electrons from atoms - alpha, beta, gamma, x
|
|
|
Non-ionizing radiation
|
without sufficient energy to produce ionization.
|
|
|
Exposure
|
any condition which provides an opportunity for an external environmental agent to enter the body
|
|
|
Dose
|
the amount of agent actually deposited within the body
|
|
|
LD50
|
Dose at which 50% of the dosed population dies
|
|
|
Exposure equation
|
Exposure = intensity x frequency x duration
|
|
|
Biomarkers
|
molecular, biochemical, or cellular alterations that are measurable in biological media
|
|
|
Molecular Epidemiology
|
incorporation of biomarkers into analytic epidemiologic research
|
|
|
Breath Biomarkers
|
VOCs
|
|
|
Blood biomarkers
|
styrene, lead, cadmium, arsenic
|
|
|
Fat biomarkers
|
PCBs, Pbbs, DDT and TCDD
|
|
|
Hair biomarkers
|
arsenic
|
|
|
Dose-response model: Random
|
no dose is safe (risk)
|
|
|
Dose response model: Deterministic
|
a “safe” dose exists (severity)
|
|
|
4 steps of risk assessment
|
Hazard identification
Dose-response Exposure assessment Risk characterization |
|
|
Toxiconetics
|
Effect of your body on the chemical through absorption, distribution, and biotransformation (metabolism)
|
|
|
Biotransformation
|
Body changing from fat to water soluble and non-polar to polar
|
|
|
Phase 1
|
Exposure of chemicals to body
|
|
|
Phase 2
|
Making chemical excreteable
|
|
|
Chemical in phase 1
|
P-450
|
|
|
Reacts with dioxin
|
Ah Receptor
|
|
|
Other name for dioxin
|
TCDD
|
|
|
reacts with DNA
|
Aflatoxin
|
|
|
Examples of air pollutants
|
Sulfur oxide from volcanoes
Carbon monoxide from forest fires Particles from windstorms |
|
|
Two types of air pollutants
|
Major/Criteria
HAPs |
|
|
HAPs
|
Hazardous air pollutants - list of 188 dangerous chemicals
|
|
|
Examples of criteria pollutants
|
SO2, CO, Pb, Pm10, NO2, O3
|
|
|
Examples of indoor pollutants
|
Radon, Formaldehyde, asbestos, carbon monoxide
|
|
|
leachate
|
liquid containing dissolved solids and toxins that result from precipitation percolating down through the waste
|
|
|
Waste Mgmt
|
Source reduction
Reuse Recycling Incineration with energy recovery Incineration without energy recovery Landfill |
|
|
Disease where only one case is needed to be considered an outbreak
|
botulism
|
|
|
Most common food hazard
|
Microbial contamination
|
|
|
Acronym for what food is dangerous
|
Food
Acidity Time Temperature Oxygen Moisture |
|
|
BOD
|
Biological Oxygen Demand
Lower = better |
|
|
Point vs non-point
|
water: non
air: point |
|
|
Water treatment process
|
COAGULANT – ADD CHEMICAL TO REMOVE CONTAMINATANTS
FLOCCULATION – STIR SEDIMENTAITON – SETTLE FILTRATION CHLORINE |
|
|
Chlorine in water
|
Kills 99.9% of bacteria but can have reactions with stuff to cause bad stuff
|
