Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Risk |
chance of something bad happening |
|
|
Voluntary vs Involuntary risk |
Voluntary risk: a risk deliberately taken at individual level Involuntary risk: risk out of ones control |
|
|
Hazard |
source of environmental damage |
|
|
Exposure |
pathways between source of damage and the affected population |
|
|
Risk Assessment |
qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to health or the ecology by an environmental hazard. |
|
|
Hazard Identification |
scientific analysis to determine whether a casual relationship exist between a pollutant and any adverse effects. |
|
|
Dose-response relationship |
a quantitative relationship between doses of a contaminant and the corresponding reactions. |
|
|
Threshold |
The level of exposure to a hazard up to which no response exists |
|
|
Exposure Assessment |
measures the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure, pathways and routes, and sensitivities. |
|
|
Risk Characteristics |
Description of expected risk, ow the risk was assessed, and areas in need of policy decisions. |
|
|
Problem Formulation |
identifies the ecological entity that is potentially at risk |
|
|
Analysis Phase |
identifies info to predict ecological responses to environmental hazards under various exposure conditions. |
|
|
"acceptable" risk |
amount of risk determined to be tolerable for society. |
|
|
de minimis Risk |
a negligible level of risk such that reducing it further would not justify the associated costs |
|
|
Risk-benefit Analysis |
an assessment to risks of a hazard along with the benefits to society of not regulating that hazard. |
|
|
Benefit-Cost Analysis |
a strategy that compares MSB and MSC |
|
|
User Value |
benefit derived from physical use of or access to an environmental good |
|
|
Existence Value |
benefit received from the continuance of an environmental good |
|
|
Direct User Value |
benefit derived from directly consuming services provided by an environmental good |
|
|
Indirect User Value |
benefit form indirect consumption of environmental good |
|
|
Vicarious Consumption |
Utility associated with knowing that others benefit from an environmental good. |
|
|
Stewardship |
Sense of obligation to preserve the environment for future generations |
|
|
Physical Linkage Approach |
estimates benefits based on a technical relationship between an environment resource and the user of that resource |
|
|
Behavioral Linkage Approach |
estimates benefits using observations of behavior in actual markets or survey responses about hypothetical markets |
|
|
Damage Function Model |
Models the relationship between a contaminant and its observed effects to estimate damage reductions arising from policy. |
|
|
(CVM) Contingent Valuation Method |
uses surveys to elicit responses about WTP for environmental quality based on hypothetical market conditions. |
|
|
(AEM) Averting Expenditure Method |
Estimates benefits as the change in spending on goods that are substitutes for a cleaner environment. |
|
|
Travel Cost Method |
Values benefit by using the complementary relationship between the quality of a natural resource and its recreational use value. |
|
|
(HPM) Hedonic Price Method |
uses the estimated hedonic price of an environmental attribute to value a policy-driven improvement. |
