Environmental Chemistry - Soil

Front 1

Silicate formula

Back 1

SiO2

Front 2

Define SOM

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Soil Organic Matter: The mixture of non-living organic components present in soil in various stages of decomposition from chemical and biological actions on plant matter and organisms

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structure of silicates

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covalent

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Pesticides can lead to:

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lower crop yields and pollution of ground water.

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Sources of Solvents

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Dry cleaning, electronics industry, paint manufacturing

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An example of Organotin Compounds

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triphenyl tin (TPhT)

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fertilizers that cause nutrient depletion

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NO3 and PO4

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List the nutrients found in soil that occur as dissolved ions

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Ca2+, NH4+, K+ and Mg2+

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composition of the earth's crust

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80% O, Si, Al; 1-5% each Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na; lesser amounts of P, S

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chemical weathering of limestone

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CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 --> Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

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cause of salinization

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rise in water table

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4 components of soil

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1- inorganic matter 2- water 3- air 4 -small oragnic matter

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four components of soil

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inorganic matter, water, air, organic matter

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salinization

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teh accumulation of water solube ions or salts in the soil due to continual irrigation to grow crops

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Water for irrigation contains..

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small amounts of dissolved salts: e.g. CaCl2, MgSO4 and NaCl

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Amount of air and water in soil

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Effect on how life forms survive and decay after death

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Ca + Al2Si2O8 2-

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CaAl2Si2O8

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silica

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silicon (IV) oxide, tetrahedron

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humus

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insoluble, half carbon 5% nitrogen

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Heat absorbed

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Q=Mc/\T

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What is the structure of silica called?

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Tetrahedron

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Causes of salinization

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evaporation of water and the salt not being washed away, the rise of the water table; removal of large native plants and a consequent reduction in evapo-transpiration. Water is able to get close to the soil and evaporate increasing the salt concentration or or near the surface

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Nutrient depletion

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results in decreased soil quality and can lead to serious decline in the yield of crops, thus affecting food supply

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reaction of carboxylic acids

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RCOOH<->RCOO-+H+

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SiO2

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1:4 Al :Si 1- charge so forms salts

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Equation for heat

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Heat = mass x SHC x Temperature Change

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Role of bacteria and fungi

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decompose the organic matter and release the nutrients to the plant roots in the soil

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Nutrients

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disolved ions

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What is the effect of Nutrient depletion or loss?

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Decrease soil quality

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Use of Phosphorus in plants

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Enzyme sythesis and energy storage

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composition of inorganic matter

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silica, silicates, and aluminosilicates

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humus

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water insoluble mixture that occurs when bacteria and fungi convert organic matter; around 50% C, 5% N

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minerlization

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slow process y which organic matter containing N&P is broken down to release N&P roots

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water from irrigation contains

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CaCl2, MgSO4, NaCl

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Pesticides

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a chemical substance that provides better harvests by killing insect pests

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Soil Organic Matter

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refers to the mixture of non-living organic components present in the soil in various stages of decomposition arising from the chemical and biological action on plan matter and organisms

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Source of Petroleum hydrocarbons

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Discharges and accidents from Petroleum industries eg. oil fields, tankers, pipelines, refining plants

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Effects of salinization

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Reduces in plant growth

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Soil

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A complex, heterogeneous mixture of interacting materials

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Use of calcium in plants

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plant cell wall synthesis

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What causes soil pollution or contamination?

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Pesticides, domestic and industrial waste.

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Nutrient Depletion

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loss results in decreased soil quility -> decline in the yield of crops -> affecting food supply

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Nurtient depletion or Loss

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B/C same crops grown because of agricultural pressures

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Soil organic matter contains:

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A pool of mineral nutrients it can exchange with plant roots, it holds on to water, improves soil structure and reduces soil erosion.

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Nitrogen

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Synthesis of proteins and chlorophyll.

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Eutrophication

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excess growth of aquatic life such as algal blooms

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What are the roles of Soil Organic Matter

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Containing pool of mineral nutrients, holds on to water, improves soil struction, reduces soil erosion

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Salinization

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Accumulation of water soluble ions/salts in soil because of continual irrigation to grow crops

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Eutrophication

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the excess growth of aquatic life such as algal booms

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Components of soil

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inorganic matter, water, air, smallr amounts of organic matter

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Mineralization definition

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Slow process by which organic matter containing nitrogen and phosphorous is broken down or mineralized to release nitrogen and phosphorous to roots.

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Inorganic matter

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Contains silicates, silica, and aluminosilicates

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Use of Ca in plants

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plant cell wall synthesis

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Use of K in plants

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controls amount of water that enters via osmosis

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use of N in plants

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synthesis of amino acids, proteins

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use of Fe, N ,Mg in plants

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synthesis of chlorophyll

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Pesticides

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killing insect pests

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Herbicides

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Kill unwanted plants, weeds or fungu

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Soil organic matter

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refers to a mixture of non-living organic components present in the soil in various stages of decomposition.

Front 60

what is nutirent depletion

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removal of essential nutirents and minerals from the soil food web by crops that grow

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Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

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a mix of non-living organisms composing in different stages of decomposition by chemical and biological actions

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Moist soil

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higher heat capacity than dry soil due to higher heat capacity of water

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Soil

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a complex heterogeneous micture of interacting metals

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SOM

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soil organic matter

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Petroleum hydrocarbons

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discharges and accidents from petroleum industry from oil fields, tankers, pipelines, refining plants

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Humic acids contain:

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Phenolic acid (ArOH) and carboxylic acid group (RCOOH)

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Salinizatoin

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the accumulation of water soluble ions or salts in soil due to continual irrigation to grow crops

Front 68

Nutrient Depletion or loss

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removal of essentail nutrients/minerals from the soil food web from constant growing and harvesting of plants