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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rainwater normally has a pH of ___. Acid rain has a pH of ___ because of reaction with ___.
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5.6
4 SO2 released into atmosphere is oxidized to SO3 SO3 + H2O --> H2SO4 |
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Below a pH of __, all vertebrates, most invertebrates, and microorganisms are destroyed.
Acids are corrosive b/c they react w/ ___ and ___. |
4
metals and carbonates (marble, limestone, building materials) |
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Parts of the atmosphere
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thermosphere
---mesopause mesosphere ---stratopause stratosphere ---tropopause troposphere |
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Ozone in the ____ atmosphere is good, and in the ____ atmosphere is bad.
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upper, lower
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Planck's equation
Speed of light |
E = hν
ν is frequency h is Planck's constant = 6.626 * 10^-34 Js c = λν = 3.00 * 10^8 m/s |
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Ozone (Chapman) cycle
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O2 + hv --> 2O (λ > 242nm)
O + O2 --> O3 + heat O3 + hv --> O2 + O (λ > 1140 nm) O + O --> O2 + heat |
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Overall, there is no change in composition (steady state) in the atmosphere, but presence of O3 allows ____ energy to be converted to ____ energy, so region of high O3 concentration near stratopause is ___ and _____ a lot of the sun's energy.
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light energy to heat energy
hot and absorbs This protects Earth from high energy UV-B light |
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Depletion of the O3 layer is caused by the release of ____, developed in 1928.
In early 1980s, an ozone hole was observed over _____ in the spring, from satellite and by flying observation plane into polar vortex. |
CFC's-chlorofluorocarbons (CCl2F2, CFCl3--Freons)
South pole (antarctica) |
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Political response to ozone depletion was the _______ Protocol that froze CFC production and phased it out, replacing it with ____.
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Montreal Protocol
HFC's |
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Radiation from Earth's surface is partly absorbed by ___ and ___, at specific λ. This raises the surface temperature, known as the "greenhouse effect."
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CO2, H2O
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Increase in CO2 conc from burning _____ is increasing from ___ ppm before Industrial Revolution to ___ ppm today.
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fossil fuels
275 to 375 ppm |
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Seawater is characterized by salinity ~ ___ M NaCl(aq).
Ocean is buffered by soln of ___ and ___. |
0.5
HCO3- and CO3-2 |
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Freshwater--"hardness" is presence of ______ which form ______, upon _____ or _____.
Presence of biodegradable materials which react w/ O2 and reduce its conc causes ____ and kills many organisms. |
cations, mineral deposits upon heating or reacting w/ soap
anoxin (concern in Chesapeake Bay) |
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Obtain drinking water from ocean by desalination via ____ or _______.
Water quality can be improved by ______, _____, and ____ w/ chloride cpds. |
distillation or reverse osmosis
filtration, aeration, and oxidation |
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Green chemistry: idea of ______, an anthrosphere in balance with other spheres.
______ waste before it has to be treated or cleaned. |
sustainability
Prevent |
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Specific heat capacity
Heat capacity |
amt of energy required to raise temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree K
amt of energy required to raise temperature of a given amt of substance by a certain temperature interval ΔQ = mCΔT ΔQ - heat capacity C - specific heat |
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Heat of vaporization
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amt of energy required to transform one mole of substance into gas (temperature dependent)
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fusion
sublimation |
melting
solid to vapor |
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entropy
enthalpy free energy |
measure of disorder
heat content ΔG = H-ΔTS ΔG = -RT lnK |
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When does entropy increase?
macroscopic interpretation: when heat ____ for phase ____ for isothermal ______ of an ideal gas |
heat increases
ΔS = qrev / T (has to be reversible) phase change ΔS = ΔH/T expansion ΔS = nRln(V2/V1) |
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Disordered states are more ____ than ordered states.
Increase in # of ways of achieving _____ gives increased entropy. |
probable
microstates |
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Boltzmann eq
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S = klnW
W is # of microstates k is Boltzmann's constant = 1.38*10^-23 J/K |
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3rd Law of Thermodynamics
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Entropy states at zero at 0 K for a perfectly ordered crystalline structure.
increases continually with T w/in a phase |
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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In any process, total energy of system and surroundings is constant.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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In any spontaneous process, total entropy of sys and its surr increases
ΔS_total = ΔS_sys + ΔS_surr |
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Free energy dependent on conc
equation |
ΔG = ΔG° + RT lnQ
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Coupling reactions
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drives a nonspontaneous rxn w/ a spontaneous one
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Relating free energy to max amount of work a process can perform
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ΔG = -w_max
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Entropy change of surroundings for a process at constant temp and pressure
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ΔS_surr = -ΔH_sys/T
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Calculating standard ΔG from ΔG of formation
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ΔG° = nΔG°_fproducts - ΔG°_freactants
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