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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Rainwater normally has a pH of ___. Acid rain has a pH of ___ because of reaction with ___.
5.6
4
SO2 released into atmosphere is oxidized to SO3
SO3 + H2O --> H2SO4
Below a pH of __, all vertebrates, most invertebrates, and microorganisms are destroyed.

Acids are corrosive b/c they react w/ ___ and ___.
4

metals and carbonates
(marble, limestone, building materials)
Parts of the atmosphere
thermosphere
---mesopause
mesosphere
---stratopause
stratosphere
---tropopause
troposphere
Ozone in the ____ atmosphere is good, and in the ____ atmosphere is bad.
upper, lower
Planck's equation
Speed of light
E = hν
ν is frequency
h is Planck's constant = 6.626 * 10^-34 Js

c = λν = 3.00 * 10^8 m/s
Ozone (Chapman) cycle
O2 + hv --> 2O (λ > 242nm)
O + O2 --> O3 + heat
O3 + hv --> O2 + O (λ > 1140 nm)
O + O --> O2 + heat
Overall, there is no change in composition (steady state) in the atmosphere, but presence of O3 allows ____ energy to be converted to ____ energy, so region of high O3 concentration near stratopause is ___ and _____ a lot of the sun's energy.
light energy to heat energy
hot and absorbs

This protects Earth from high energy UV-B light
Depletion of the O3 layer is caused by the release of ____, developed in 1928.

In early 1980s, an ozone hole was observed over _____ in the spring, from satellite and by flying observation plane into polar vortex.
CFC's-chlorofluorocarbons (CCl2F2, CFCl3--Freons)

South pole (antarctica)
Political response to ozone depletion was the _______ Protocol that froze CFC production and phased it out, replacing it with ____.
Montreal Protocol
HFC's
Radiation from Earth's surface is partly absorbed by ___ and ___, at specific λ. This raises the surface temperature, known as the "greenhouse effect."
CO2, H2O
Increase in CO2 conc from burning _____ is increasing from ___ ppm before Industrial Revolution to ___ ppm today.
fossil fuels
275 to 375 ppm
Seawater is characterized by salinity ~ ___ M NaCl(aq).

Ocean is buffered by soln of ___ and ___.
0.5

HCO3- and CO3-2
Freshwater--"hardness" is presence of ______ which form ______, upon _____ or _____.

Presence of biodegradable materials which react w/ O2 and reduce its conc causes ____ and kills many organisms.
cations, mineral deposits upon heating or reacting w/ soap

anoxin (concern in Chesapeake Bay)
Obtain drinking water from ocean by desalination via ____ or _______.

Water quality can be improved by ______, _____, and ____ w/ chloride cpds.
distillation or reverse osmosis

filtration, aeration, and oxidation
Green chemistry: idea of ______, an anthrosphere in balance with other spheres.

______ waste before it has to be treated or cleaned.
sustainability

Prevent
Specific heat capacity

Heat capacity
amt of energy required to raise temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree K

amt of energy required to raise temperature of a given amt of substance by a certain temperature interval

ΔQ = mCΔT
ΔQ - heat capacity
C - specific heat
Heat of vaporization
amt of energy required to transform one mole of substance into gas (temperature dependent)
fusion
sublimation
melting
solid to vapor
entropy
enthalpy
free energy
measure of disorder
heat content
ΔG = H-ΔTS
ΔG = -RT lnK
When does entropy increase?
macroscopic interpretation:

when heat ____
for phase ____
for isothermal ______ of an ideal gas
heat increases
ΔS = qrev / T (has to be reversible)

phase change
ΔS = ΔH/T

expansion
ΔS = nRln(V2/V1)
Disordered states are more ____ than ordered states.

Increase in # of ways of achieving _____ gives increased entropy.
probable

microstates
Boltzmann eq
S = klnW
W is # of microstates
k is Boltzmann's constant = 1.38*10^-23 J/K
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy states at zero at 0 K for a perfectly ordered crystalline structure.

increases continually with T w/in a phase
1st Law of Thermodynamics
In any process, total energy of system and surroundings is constant.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
In any spontaneous process, total entropy of sys and its surr increases

ΔS_total = ΔS_sys + ΔS_surr
Free energy dependent on conc

equation
ΔG = ΔG° + RT lnQ
Coupling reactions
drives a nonspontaneous rxn w/ a spontaneous one
Relating free energy to max amount of work a process can perform
ΔG = -w_max
Entropy change of surroundings for a process at constant temp and pressure
ΔS_surr = -ΔH_sys/T
Calculating standard ΔG from ΔG of formation
ΔG° = nΔG°_fproducts - ΔG°_freactants