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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gram positive bacteria
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bacteria that have a peptidoglycan bilayer encasing it. Penicillin works.
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gram negative bacteria
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bacteria that have a plasmic membrane that doesn't allow penicillin through. other antidotes attack the bacteria by destroying the DNA inside
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prokaryotic cell
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very simple and small. no compartmentalization, only protein goo.
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eukaryotic cell
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compartmentalized. nucleus tells the other organelles what to do
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Origin of the nucleus
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folds occur in the plasmic membrane and eventually encase a strand of DNA in a bubble.
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Theory of endosymbiosis
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a piece of gunk is encased within a cell and becomes a compartment of its own, serving a function to the cell. i.e. chloroplast
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animal cell vs. plant cell
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animals have lysosomes-digestive tracks-
plants have chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls |
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manufacturing of DNA in cell
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ribosomes take sugars
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mitochondria distinguishing populations
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mRNA transform very slowly and get passed from mother to child, making little room for alteration by entering individuals
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sympatric speciation
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divergent selection--extremes thrive and don't mate amongst one another because of behavioral traits
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allopatric speciation
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physical seperation like river not allowing individuals to intermate
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Plasmids
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a double strand of DNA formed into a ring. makes it easier to read and able to add a strand to alter the individual
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Transformation
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uptake a naked DNA
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Transduction
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virus serves as a DNA taxi
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Conjugation
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direct transfer by pili-grippers on bacteria-between two individuals
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Eubacteria
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true bacteria, heterotrophic, aerobic, responsible for evolution of Krebs cycle
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Archaea
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anaerobic, no peptidoglycan,live in extreme habitats
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Eukarya
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animals and any other form of life
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Bacteria in the nitrogen cycle
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legume-rhizobilum symbiosis: root secretes flavenoids, root becomes infected, tells root to fix nitrogen
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Viruses
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contains proteins in lipid bilayer, and markers that attach to host. needs to use host to reproduce. tells body to kill itself
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Lytic vs. Lysogenic life cycle of virus
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Lytic: virus plants DNA where it becomes reproduced to the point where the cell explodes with lots more viruses
Lysogenic:cell reproduces multiple times spreading with virus DNA |
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polyphyletic vs. monophyletic
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can't trace back to single common ancestor
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problems caused by protists
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blight, maleria and giardia passed, red tides
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Protists
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single celled eukaryotes that move via cilia, flagella, or pseudopods
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Hyphae vs. mycelium
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many hyphae make up mycellial networks
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae
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grow into the plant's roots helping them absorb nutrients and water
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Ecto-mycorrhizae
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grow up and around the plant's roots to help them absorb nutrients and water
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Auxin
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hormones telling plant to grow in apical meristem
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Cytokinins
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hormones telling plant to grow across lateral meristem
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ethylene
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hormones telling plant to ripen and produce seeds, leaves, flowers and fruit
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absicic acid
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hormones telling plant to be dormant
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gametophytes
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haploid stage where male and female are seperate. dominant in moss
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sporophytes
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diploid stage where male and female are combined. dominant in ferns and seed plants
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Why are ferns and mosses found in low lying, moist habitats?
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They have no root system or supportive tissue to let them stand up and require moist habitats to obtain nutrients
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WHy are embryos found in seeds?
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seeds provide protection, trap moisture and nutrients
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phytoremediation
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process where plants remove toxins from the soil
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phytovolatilization
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plants release broken down toxins
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phytodegeneration
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plant breaks down toxins into smaller elements
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phytoaccumulation
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plant holds in toxins where they can be harvested
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Defining characteristics of animals
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mobile-can move independently, heterotrophic, multicellular
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choanoflagellates
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take food from water column, have no structural plan so they can grow back easily-every part acts the same, eats by taking from water that passes by it
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Porifera-sponges
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multicellular, made from many cells of choanoflagellates
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Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea anemones
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tissues, radial symmetry, medusa-free floating- and polyp-sessile-stage
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Ctenophora-comb jellies
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swallow things that bump into it, radial symmetry
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Platyhelminthes-flatworms
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head and foot. cestodes-weakens host by removing nutrients-i.e. melnin in fish. terballeria-hand comes out of belly to eat, one opening for ingestion and excretion
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Nematodes
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pseudocoelom, nutrients diffuse in, parasites in humans, live in soil or host.
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Rotifers
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feeding coordination rotation of cilia on corona, pseudocoelom- body cavity forms between endo and mesoderm
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Mollusca-snails, clams, squid
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bilateral symmetry, muscular foot, one way digestive track, coelom-body cavity w/in mesoderm,rasping tongue is feeding organ
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Echinoderms-sea stars, sand dollars
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deuterostomes-anus first,endo skeleton, tube foot, water vascular system for gripping and movement(coelom), reproduce sexually
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Annelida-segmented worms
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segmentation-localized compartments that each perform functions, water vascular system, hold on to soil with little hairs as it moves along
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Arthropoda-insects, spiders, crestaceans, myriapoda
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crestacea-10 legs, spiders-8 legs, insects-6 legs, myriapods-hundreds of legs
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Insecta
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Coleoptera-beetles
Hymenoptera-wasps, bees, ants(parasitoids:kill one) lepidoptera-butterflies and moths |
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Moths
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saturniids-die quickly, only alive for reproduction. sphingids-eat from deep corolla flowers, live longer
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Chordata-vertebrates
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dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits, notochord, muscular tail extending past anus
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Chordata-subphylum verbrata
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cartilidge forms around nerve cord, cranium protects brain, brain coordinates movement and senses, kidney, liver, heart, jaws and teeth
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Oxygen Revolution
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Respiration possible-aerobic more efficient, dominance of aerobes-bigger, ozone layer forms-protects against harmful rays
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endoplasmic reticulum-rough and smooth
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produces proteins and enzymes
rough:with ribosomes-proteins smooth:no ribosomes-enzymes |
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ribosomes
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composed of rRNA and mRNA who translate material into protein
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golgi apparatus
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mRNA receives instructions to produce protein and expell from cell
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plasma membrane
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proteins embedded w/in phospholipid bilayer. communicates with inside and outside of cell-direct, paracrine, endocrine
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mitochondria
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place of respiration
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gene
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basic unit of heredity. sequence of nucleotides
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genotype
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genetic constitution underlying a trait
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phenotype
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realized expression of a genotype-genes acting together to build an outcome
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