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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Environmental Chemicals
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field dealing w/ dz d/t exposure and deficiences (geographical, occupational, forensic, nutritional)
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Smoking
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single largest preventable cause of death in U.S.
mortality proportional to amount and duration of cigarette smoking (pack years) |
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Pack years
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= smoking equivalent to 1 pack cigarettes/day/year
Premature mortality |
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Smoking and Cardiovascular Dz
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Major independent risk factor for MI
acts synergistically w/ hypercholesterolemia and HTN to increase risk increases risk of MI Increases risk of cardiac death Independent risk factor for ischemic stroke atherosclerosis and coronary arteries and aorta |
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Buerger dz
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inflammation, fibrosis, occulsive vascular disorder of young males of the extremities
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Lung Cancer and smoking
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#1 cause of cancer death
mostly d/t cigarette smoking and occupational hazards |
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Other cancers and smoking
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oral, larynx, esophagus, pancrease, bladder, kidney, colon, cervix
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Other diseases and smoking
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COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
Peptic ulcer dz Osteoporosis Thyroid dz Ocular dz (macular degeneration and catarcts) |
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Impaired female reproductive function w/ smoking
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decreased estriol levels
active metabolite of estrogen earlier menopause postmentstrual osteoporosis |
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Fetal Tobacco Syndrome
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Low birth weight
Increased mortality d/t effects on uteroplacental system abruptio placentae placenta previa uterine bleeding premature rupture of membrane |
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Passive Smoking
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infants: increased respiratory illnesses and hospitalizations
children: imparied pulmonary function and exacerbation of asthma adults: increased lung cancer |
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Alcoholism
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addiction to ethanol
dependence and withdrawal acute/chronic toxi effects regular intake of a quantity of alcohol that's enough to injure a person socially, psychologically, physically no firm rules maybe more common in some ethnicities (men) |
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Alcohol
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CNS depressant
Median lethal dose ~ 5 g of alcohol/kg body weight Tolerance may be achieved in chronic users 40% of MVA fatalaties involve it 1-2 servings /day may protect us against coronary artery dz, MI, ischemic stroke |
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Nutritional effects of Alcohol
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7 kcal/g
Thaimine deficiency: Wernicke encephalopathy Folic acid deficiency: megaloblastic anemia Toxic effects |
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Alcohol and Organ dz
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liver: cirrhosis
Pancreas: pancreatitis Heart: cardiomyopathy (holiday heart- arrhythmias) Skeletal muscles: acute alcoholic rhabdomyolysis Endocrine: feminzation in males, loss of libido, potency GI tract: toxicity to mucosa of esophagus and stomach (mallory weiss syndrome- tear at gastroesophageal junction) Blood: megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, acute transient thrombocytopenia Immune system: susceptibility to infection Bone: osteoporosis |
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Alcohol and the Nervous System
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Nutritional deficiencies (Korsakoff psychosis, Wernicke encephalopathy)
Alcoholic cerebeller degeneration Central pontine myelinolysis Amblyopia Polyneuropathy |
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Korsakoff psychosis
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retrograde amnesia and confabulatory symptoms
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Mechanism of Disease of Alcohol
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Pathogenesis unclear
Byproducts of metabolism are highly toxic Cell membranes are disordered, potentially leading to cell linjury (intercallate within lipid bilayer and decrease molecular order of acyl chains of phospholipids) |
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Drug abuse
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use of any substance in a manner that deviates accepted medical, social, legal patterns
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Opiates
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Heroin, morphine, dilaudid, oxycodone, ocycontin, methodone
Desired: euphoria, drowsiness OD: hypothermia, bradycardia, respiratory depression Naloxone: reverses effects |
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Cocaine
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Stimulant
Short half-life Desired: euphoria, heightened sensations Undesired: paranoia, emotional lability, dilated cardiomyopathy OD: anxiety, delirium, siezures, cardiace arrhythmias, unexpected death |
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Amphetamines
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Stimulant
Desired: euphoria, heightened senses, disguise fatigue, decrease appetite OD: seizures, hyperthermia, cardiac arrhythmias, CNS vasculitis, brain and surrounding tissue hemorrhage |
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Methamphetamine
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Stimulant
Desired: euphoria, wakefulness, increased physical activiey, decreased appetite Undesired: irratibility, anxiety, paranoia, aggressiveness, insomnia, confusion, tremors, increased HR, stroke, Parkinson-like symptoms, Hyperthermia, seizures, death |
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Hallucinogens (PCP)
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Long half life- hard to predict
Desired: psychedelic or hallucinogenic effects Undesired: tachycardia, HTN, coma, seizures, decerebrate posturing |
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Decerebrate posturing
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arms and legs held straigt out, toes pointed downward, head/neck arched backwards
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Hallucinogens (LCD)
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Desired: perceptual distortion, interference w/ logical thought, altered time perception, depersonalization
Undesired: anxiety, panic, tachycardia, HTN, hyperthermia, coma, convulsions, respiratory arrest |
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Volatile organic solvents
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Fingernail polish remover, glue, plastic cements, lighter fluid
Huffed Problem in young people Desired: similar to alcohol Undesired: N/V, hallucinations, coma, death, damage to vital organs |
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IVDA (intravenous drug abuse)
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Medical complications: thrombophlebitis, Talc, infectious organisms
Bacterial endocarditis, abscesses, meningitis, osteomyelitis, mycotic aneurysms, AIDS, Hepatitis B/C |
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Drug Addiction in Pregnancy
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Toxemia
Premature labor Fetal withdrawl Intrapartum hypoxia and meconium aspiration Fetal respiratory depression |
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Iatrogenic drug injury
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unintended side effects of therapeutic or diagnostic drugs prescribed by health care professionals that cause adverse reaction
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