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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much CO2 is released antropogenically eery year?
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70 trillion lbs/year
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what is scientific method?
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it is a way to look at the earth around you and make observations
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what is the first step of the scientific method?
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posing a problem
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what is the second step of the scientifc method?
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getting observations
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what is the third step of the scientifc method?
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hypothesis
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what is the fourth step of the scientifc method?
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acception/rejection
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For a long time people believed that maggots turned into _________
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flies
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earth science differs because it deals with a parameter to manipulate.
what is that parameter |
time
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How old is the planet earth?
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4.5 billion years old
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what kinds of situations can be systems?
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anything
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what is an open system?
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has energy transfer
matter |
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what is a closed system?
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energy transfer but no change in matter
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what is an isolated system?
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example: wine bottle in a dark basement
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the earth is a _________ system.
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closed
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Where do all our oceans come from?
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all of our water could be extraterrestriial
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is amber a closed system?
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no. scientific research has found that gases go in and out of it
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Elephant Butte is an example of an _________ system.
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open
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what kind of factors input into the lake?
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rain, stream/river
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what kind of factors output into the lake?
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river/strem
evaporation groundwater |
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what is albedo?
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reflectivity of a substanct?
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what kind of alebdo is 0?
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absorbing
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what kind of albedo is 1?
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reflecting
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what is snow's albedo?
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0.8-.85
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What kind of albedo does the forest have?
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low
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what is the albedo of a forest?
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0.05-.1
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what is an exmaple of negative feedback?
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pole and fingers that balance a pole
system that has to stablize self therefore always stays balanced |
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what is an exapmle of positive feedbck?
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forest fire
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what are the four spheres?
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geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere
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when did our universe begin?
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12-16 billion years ago
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There is an ___________ in the mesaurement of our universe's age.
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uncertainty
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what did the universe start with?
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nothing
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How did Einstein want the universe to be?
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static
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what did Einstein think of as one of his biggest mistakes?
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cosmological principles
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after one second, how big was the universe after the big bang?
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10e-35 of a second, size of a pea
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what two theories support the big bang theory?
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(1) redshift
(2) radioactive background |
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repeated behavior of the wavelengths is called _________.
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frequency
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what is the highest level anyone can hear?
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30,000 HZ
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higher frequency light waves become....
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shorter
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Who discovered redshift?
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Edwin Hubbel
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The galaxy away from us emites light that has ...?
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lower frequency and longer wavelengths
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Red shift is to light
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doppler radar is to sound
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what is the doppler effect?
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that sound changes as it passes, goes to a lower frequency
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what is an animation of a doppler efffect:
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waves move at constant speed away from object that makes noise
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what is the speed of sound?
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700 mph
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As the speed of sound gets smaller, the frequency gets more _________.
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bunched up
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How does redshift explain big bang?
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there are no galaxy moving toward us
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who found the radioactive background?
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ATT technicians
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the earth is slowly cooling as _________ heat leaks away
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internal
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The _________ volcano was heard around the world.
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Kraktan
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What is the most abundent component in magma?
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SiO2
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what are the three most common types of magma?
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basaltic, andestiic
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what are the two most common igneous rocks devrived from basaltic magma?
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basalt and gabbro
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what is andesitic magma?
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60% SiO2 and dissolved gases
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what is andesite and diorite?
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the most common igneous rocks devrived from andeistic magma
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what are the most common igneous rocks devrived from rhyolithic magma?
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rhyolite and granite
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80% of magma is...
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basaltic
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10% of magma is
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andesitic and rhylotic
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what is visosity?
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the property that causes a substance to resit flowing
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the higher SiO2 the magma is, the more ....
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visous it is
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what is a pyroclast?
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a fragment of hot, shattered magma or any other fragment of rock ejected during an explosive volcanic explotion
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what is tephra?
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unconsolidated pyroclasts
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what is a pyroclastic rock
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when tephra and protocast become cemented together
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what are volcanic gases made of?
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water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur
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what is pyroclastic flow?
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whena hot mobile flow of tephra rushes down the flank of the volcano
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what are the different types of volcanoes?
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shield volcanoes
tephra cone volcano stratovalcano |
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what is a shield volcano?
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broad, roughly domed shaped mound with an average slops of 5 degrees near the summit and 10 degrees on the flanks
characstically formed by basaltic lava |
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what is a tephra cone?
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steep sided volcano, composed entirely of tephra
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what are stratovolcanoes?
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steep conical mounds consists of layers of lava and ephra
slope of 30 degrees |
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what is a caldera?
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roughly circular, steep walled basin, several kilometers
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what are the hazards of stratovolcanos?
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flow
poisonous gas mud flow tsunami famine |
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Since 1800, ______ volcanoes have killed more than 1000 people
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18
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Lava and volcanic ash produce _________ soil.
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fertile
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what are plutons?
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intrusive igneous rock
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List the seven different types of plutons.
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dikes
sills laccoliths volcanic pipe volcanic neck stocks batholiths |
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what is a dike?
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cut across the the layering of intruded rock
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what are sills?
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paralell to layering
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what are laccoliths?
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sills that cause the intruded rocks to bend upward
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what are volcanic pipes?
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cylinderical conduit of igenous rock before volcanic vent
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what is a volcanic neck?
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pipe laid pare of erosion
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what are stocks?
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small (less than 10km)
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what are batholiths?
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huge (up to 1000km)
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What is Bowen's reaction series?
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reactions of cooling magma
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what are intrusive ingeous rocks?
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formed by soldification of magma
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what is porphyry?
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intrusive igneous rock consisting of course mineral grains scattered through a mixture of fine grains
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what is an agglomerate?
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when tephra is bomb sized
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what are tuffs?
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when pieces are eitehr lappilllis of ash
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what is welded tuff?
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when ash is hot and plastic
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what are galaxies?
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clusters of starts that form
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why do galaxies form?
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because gases of clouds are lightyears long
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what is the speed of light?
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186,000 miles a second
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_________ and __________ exists in a galaxy in which tends to create a disc
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condensation compression
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what is the nearest galaxy?
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andromeda
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Who is Magellian?
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the first to travel the eastern hempishere, so gaaxy was called the magellanic clouds
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how old is the sun?
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4.6 billion years old
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How did the sun form?
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large cloud of gas had graviational form which collapses and condenses into gas
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what is the composition of the sun?
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hydrogen
helium |
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when hydrogen gets compressed, it turned into helium which...
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lets our energy
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hyrdogen energy could create _________.
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clean energy
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how many terrestial planets are there?
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four
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how many jovians?
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four
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the asteroid belt has never been aable to coalese into a ________
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planet
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What is the star cloest to ours?
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Alpha Centari
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what are characteristics of terrestial planets?
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small, dense, and rocky
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the sun is 99.9% ....what?
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helium
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what are jovian planet?
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they are bigger, cold, and gaseous
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what planets have little or no atomsphere?
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mecury and mars
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who had a strange orbit?
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pluto
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several spacecraft have reached....
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venus
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how hot is it on venus?
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900 degrees
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earth is the only planet that has
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liquid water
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mars has
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ice caps
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there are also .... and ..... on the surface of mars
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stream channels and arroyos
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what is stratification?
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results from arrangement of sedinmentary particles inlays
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what is stratum?
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district layer of sediment that accumulated on earth's surface
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what is bedding?
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layered arrangement of strata
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what is stratigraphy?
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study of strada
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what is the law of original horizontaility?
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states that sediemtns are horizontal or nearly so and parallel to earth's surface
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what is the second law of horizn...
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the principle of stratigraphic superpositon
the order in which strata is deposited from top to bottom |
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what is unconformity?
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substainsial bleaks or gaps in sedimentary recod
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what is angular unconformity?
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implies that the older stra were deformed and then tuncaed by erosio
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what is a geologic column?
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a composite columnar section containing in chrono order the sucession of strata
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what is classic sediment?
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simply bits of broken rock and minerals that are moved as solid particles
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what is chemical sediment?
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tranported in solution and deposited when the dissolved minerals are precipitated
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hwat are the four clastic sedimentary rocks?
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conglomerate
sandstone siltstone shale |
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what is a varve?
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pair of sedimentary layers depos. over the cycle of a year
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what is cross bedding?
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sedimentary beds that are inclined with respect to a thickness stratum within which they occur
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what is limestone and dolostone
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the most important of biogenic rocks
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what is peat?
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plane remaints with carbon content of about 60%
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what is coal?
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peat forms into this evventually
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newspapers say new mexico will be a dust bowl by ________
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2050
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in the last two years, there has been lots of __________
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wet weather
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during the fomration of the earth, we get mass moves to center .....creating the..... and we get an org of ...
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sun
dust partices |
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why is neptune blue?
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due to methane
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what is planetary differentiation?
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an early event that caused seperation from earth's core
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what is earth's core made out of?
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iron
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what is earth's mantle made from?
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silicate
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irion and silicate seperate howw....
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like oil and water
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oil coales and gets heavier, while, iron usually...
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sinks to the core of earth
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as rion sinks to earth, it gives off large amount of...
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water
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there are no more rocks on earth that 4.5 billion years old duue to....
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the constant redistribution of matter
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there are lifeforms that live in caves underground with...
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no oxygen
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the mantle consists mostly of what?
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magnesium and silicate
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the mantle is....
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dense and dark colored (green)
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what are the characteristics of the crust?
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it is pale and less dense
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35% of the earth is...
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iron
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30# of the earth is...
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oxygen
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15% of the earth is
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silicion
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13% of the earth is
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magnesium
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what is an atom?
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the smallest inseperable material
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what are molecules?
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combination of atoms
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what are compounds?
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mixed molecules
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what three parts do atoms consist of?
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protons-1
electrons-1 neutrons-0 can't have more protons than electrons |
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# of protons has to equal...
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the number of electrons
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tritum has two ....... and is ....
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nuuetrons
radioactive |
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what is protium?
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1 electron
1 proton |
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what is deuterium
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1 electron
1 nuetron 1 proton |
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what is tritium
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1 electron
1 proton 2 nuetrons |
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how may protons and nuetrons are in uragnium?
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235
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sodium has the consistency of...
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butter
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chlorine is a ________
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gas
similar to mustard gas |
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Put these togeher creates compound molecule of...
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sodium chloride
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sodium and chloride creates a....
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cube like molecular structure
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what does a cube like molecular compound create
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a cubelike rock
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what are the five things that make a mineral?
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(1) naturally occuring
(2) solid (3) orderly crystalline structure (4) unique chemcial composition (5) inorganic |
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what is the softest on the hardness scale?
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talc 1
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what is 2 on the hardness scale?
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gypsum
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what is 3 on the hardness scale?
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calcite
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what is 4 on the hardness scale?
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flourite
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what is 5 on the hardness scale?
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apatite
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what is 6 on the hardness scale?
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orthoclas
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what is 7 on the hardness scale?
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quartz
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what is 8 on the hardness scale?
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topaz
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what is 9 on the hardness scale?
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corundum
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what is 10 on the hardness scale?
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diamond
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is ice a mineral?
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yes
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is dry ice a mineral?
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no, doesn't occur naturally
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