Enviromental Science

Front 1

Refer to figure 1.
What are the time periods for the following? A. Hunting gathering __________
B. Agricultural revolution? ______________
C. Industrial revolution? _______________

Back 1

A. 2-5 million years ago to about 8000 BC
B. 8000 BC to about 1700 AD
C. 1700 AD to the present (projected through 2100 AD)

Front 2

For the 3 periods in Q1, characterize the human growth rate by period.

Back 2

A. Hunter gathering flat growth (barely above zero rate
B. Agricultural revolution: Flat (near zero) to slightly upward projection in the last 20% (positive growth rate)
C. Industrial revolution: Decidedly “j-shaped”
exponential growth rate for this period

Front 3

What factor(s) contributed to the exponential growth of the human population during the industrial revolution?

Back 3

More food available (selective breeding); improvements in sanitation (especially, water); improved medical care; improved agricultural management (fertilizers,
pesticides,)
Use of fossil fuels (example: fuel for powering water pumps

Front 4

Define environmental science.

Back 4

Environmental science: the study of how the earth works, how we interact with the earth and how to deal with environmental problems.

Front 5

5.What are the goals of environmental
science?

Back 5

The goals of environmental science are to learn:
1. how nature works.
2. how the environment effects us.
3. how we effect the environment.
4. how we can live more sustainably without degrading our life-support system.

Front 6

Define sustainability

Back 6

A 6
Sustainability, is the ability of earth’s various systems to survive and adapt to environmental conditions indefinitely.

Front 7

Q 7
7. What are the typical steps in the path to sustainability and how are they supported?

Back 7

A 7
7. What are the typical steps in the path to sustainability and how are they supported?
1. Natural Capital  2. Natural Capital Degradation  3. Solutions  4. Trade Offs  5. Individuals Matter

The steps to sustainability must be supported by sound science.

Front 8

Q 8
What must environmentally sustainable society do?

Back 8

A 8
They must meet the basic needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without degrading the natural capital that supplies these resources.

Front 9

Natural capital = ? + ?

Back 9

Natural capital = natural resources + natural services

Front 10

Classify the following as either (a) natural resources, or (b) natural services

Life (Biodiversity), Soil, Food production, Nonrenewable minerals, Waste treatment, Water storage, Pest Control, Water

Back 10

(a) natural resources :
Life (Biodiversity), Soil, Nonrenewable minerals, Water
(b) natural services:
Food production, Waste treatment, Water storage, Pest Control

Front 11

How is economic growth measured (two factors)?

Back 11

A 11
Measured in gross domestic product (GDP) and purchasing power parity (PPP).

Front 12

12. What are three classifications of resources (ID and define)?

Back 12

A 12
Perpetual: On a human time scale are continuous.
Renewable: On a human time scale can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades).
Nonrenewable: On a human time scale are in fixed supply.

Front 13

13. How can we extent the supply of nonrenewable resources (two ways, ID and define).

Back 13

A 13
Recycling and reusing extends supply
Recycling processes waste material into new material.
Reuse is using a resource over again in the same form.

Front 14

Q 14
Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earth’s _____________.

Back 14

A 14
Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earth’s ecological capacity.

Front 15

What are two types of pollution based on source?

Back 15

Point source
Non-point source

Front 16

Pollutants can have three types of unwanted effects, what are they?

Back 16

1. Can disrupt / degrade life-support systems.

2. Can damage health and property.

3. Can create nuisances such as noise and unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights.

Front 17

The major causes of environmental problems are (five):

Back 17

The major causes of environmental problems are (five):
1. Population growth
2. Wasteful resource use
3. Poverty
4. Poor environmental accounting
5. Ecological ignorance

Front 18

The ________________of material resources through the world’s economic systems depletes, degrades and pollutes the environment.

Back 18

The exponential increasing flow of material resources through the world’s economic systems depletes, degrades and pollutes the environment.

Front 19

Problems with relying on cleanup of pollution (3):

Back 19

Problems with relying on cleanup of pollution (3):
1. Temporary bandage without improvements in control technology.

2. Often removes a pollutant from one part of the environment to cause problems in another.

3. Pollutants at harmful levels can cost too much to reduce them to acceptable levels.

Front 20

1 of 3 children under 5, suffer from severe ____________.

Back 20

1 of 3 children under 5, suffer from severe malnutrition.

Front 21

________: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism.

Back 21

Affluenza: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism.

Front 22

________________:
Allowed people to stay in one place.
_______________________:
Led shift from rural villages to urban society.
Science improved sanitation and disease control.
_______________________:
Rapid access to information.

Back 22

Agricultural revolution
Allowed people to stay in one place.
Industrial-medical revolution
Led shift from rural villages to urban society.
Science improved sanitation and disease control.
Information-globalization revolution
Rapid access to information.

Front 23

Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability:

Back 23

Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability:
Reliance on Solar Energy
Biodiversity
Population Control
Nutrient Recycling

Front 24

What three tenets of Aldo Leopold’s environmental ethics

Back 24

What three tenets of Aldo Leopold’s environmental ethics?
1. Individuals matter.
2. … land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.
3. We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity

Front 25

. Identify hydrocarbons.

Back 25

A 1
1. Contain only carbon and hydrogen
Important fuels
Base stock for the synthesis of many useful compounds

Front 26

1. List some common examples of hydrocarbons.

Back 26

2. Familiar examples: methane, propane, butane and octane

Front 27

2. Identify alkanes.

Back 27

A 3
3. Contain only hydrogen and carbon
Only single covalent bonds

Front 28

What is the general formula for alkanes

Back 28

4. Alkanes all fit this formula scheme:
CnH2n+2 where n can be any whole number

Front 29

What are the names and uses of the first 10 alkanes?

Back 29

Methane, CH4 fuel, major component of natural gas
Ethane, C2H6 fuel, component of natural gas
Propane, C3H8 fuel, LPG bottled gas
Butane, C4H10 fuel, cigarette lighters
Pentane, C5H12 fuel, component of gasoline
Hexane, C6H14 fuel, component of gasoline
Heptane, C7H16 fuel, component of gasoline
Octane, C8H18 fuel, major component of gasoline
Nonane, C9H20 fuel, component of gasoline
Decane, C10H22 fuel, component of gasoline

Front 30

What the molecular and structural formulas for ethanol

Back 30

Ethanol has the formula C2H5OH

Front 31

At room temperature, 25 C, how many alkanes (C1 –C14) are gases?

At 25 C, how many are liquids? Solids?

Back 31

At room temperature, 25 C, how many alkanes (C1 –C14) are gases? ? 4, methane, ethane, propane and butane

At 25 C, how many are liquids? 9, pentane through tetradecane, (C14H30) Solids? Zero
Alkanes from C18H40 on up (C19, C20, C21 …) all have melting points above 25 C. Therefore they are solids at room temperature.
Note: for the alkanes C11 – C19, the following prefixes are used.
uni = 1, do (or di) = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5, hexa = 6, hepta = 7, octa = 8, nona = 9. Example: C17H36 = heptadecane

Front 32

What are the names for:
C13H28?

C18H40?

Back 32

C13H28? tridecane

C18H38? octadecane

Rule: For alkanes 11-19, add the prefix, when that number is added to 10, equals the number of carbons in the “backbone” of the alkane in question. The “names run together”, as in heptadecane, C17H36.
You should be able to write the correct names for the normal alkanes, C1 – C19.

Front 33

Identify three other families of hydrocarbons.

Back 33

A 9
(1) Cycloalkanes CnH2n

(2) Alkenes CnH2n Unsaturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n

(3) Aromatics (arenes) Ring compounds with alternating single
(C-C) and double (C=C) carbon to carbon bonds. C/H of atoms in the aromatics is about 1:1 as in benzene, C6H6 (the only one you need to know!).

Front 34

Define structural isomers.

Back 34

Compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.

Front 35

Referring to the structural isomers of C5H12,
As branching increases what happens to the boiling points of these isomers?

Back 35

As the branching increases, the boiling points decrease.
That is because the longer molecules can interact with each other and “stick together” a little tighter than can their branched, more compact structural isomers. These branched forms have less surface area to stick to each other. Therefore the branched forms boil at a lower temperature than do their linear isomers.

Front 36

The most important alkane reaction is __________. Otherwise, alkanes are relatively _______ chemically.

Back 36

A 13
The most important alkane reaction is combustion. Otherwise, alkanes are relatively stable chemically.

Front 37

Q 14
What three common alkanes are found in the home?

Back 37

Paraffin wax, mineral oil and petroleum jelly

Front 38

A. Which of the largest four petroleum companies had the greatest sales in dollars for 2007?

B. Which had the greatest profit as a % of sales?

Back 38

A. Royal Dutch Shell

B. Exon

Front 39

What are five natural sources of alkanes

Back 39

Petroleum, natural gas, coal, methanogen bacteria, and cattle

Front 40

Where were petroleum and natural gas formed?

Back 40

They were formed from microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton in ancient marine and freshwater environments

Front 41

Briefly describe the process of petroleum formation.

Back 41

Petroleum and NG form under anoxic conditions (lack of oxygen) when dead plankton drift to the ocean bottom (benthos) and are covered by sediments. The organic molecules are deprived of oxygen (anoxic). Over time these organic compounds are gradually converted to alkanes. Pressures and temperatures are high.

Front 42

Explain how sugar can be converted to methane

Back 42

Sugar, under high pressure and temperature, anoxically decomposes to carbon dioxide and methane.
Sugar  carbon dioxide and methane
Energy + C6H12O6  CO2 + CH4
Balanced:
Energy + C6H12O6  3 CO2 + 3 CH4
This is an endothermic process (energy input required)

Front 43

What does the preponderance of evidence suggest concerning the consumption of petroleum?

Back 43

The preponderance of evidence suggests that the world’s consumption of petroleum and natural gas is out pacing it’s natural rate of production. In other words we are rapidly running out of these resources

Front 44

What is the Hubbert curve?

Back 44

It is a model for predicting the exploitation of geological resources.

Front 45

Which areas of the world’s oceans have the lowest photosynthetic rates?

Back 45

With a few exceptions, the lowest rate areas are located in the open tropical oceans of both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Front 46

Petroleum is formed in an _________of favorable temperature and pressure in the sedimentary rock below the oil deposit.

Back 46

Petroleum is formed in an “oil window” of favorable temperature and pressure in the sedimentary rock below the oil deposit.

Front 47

Q 25
Describe a normal petroleum deposit.

Back 47

A 25
Petroleum is a complex mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as other carbon compounds. These deposits will often contain (1) an upper layer of gases,(2) a middle layer of liquid/solid materials (mostly organic compounds) with (3) a lower layer of saline water.