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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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melamine often contaminates what + has what effect
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gluten, milk --> causes renal failure
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how do we test for melamine?
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measure ammonia (nitrogen content) of protein
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why aren't we using new methods for food testing?
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cost of tech, training, lost goods; convenience
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lead is used in food as
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candy colorant
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Who is Harvey Wiley and what did he do?
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created "poison squad" - group of students fed borax, formaldehyde, etc to see effects on their digestion for policy making
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what are some accomplishments of food safety acts over past century?
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get pre-market approval for food, prove safety + efficacy of drugs, carcinogenic additives prohibited
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FDA oversees:
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all domestic + imported food sold in interstate commerce except meat/poultry/processed egg products
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USDA FSIS (food safety and inspection services) oversees:
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all domestic and imported meat and poultry + processed egg products
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3 steps in economic development (with regard to food)
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sustainable agriculture --> exporter --> importer
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draw recent yrs human food network
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pg. 4 of Foodbourne Diseases Lecture (11/4/08)
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5 food sources of contaminants
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food additives, pesticide residues, microbial contamination, natural toxins, environmental contaminants
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why is aflotoxin so hard to get rid of? what does it affect in animals?
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heat resistant; liver cancer
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ochratoxins were found where and cause what?
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Chinese herb weight-loss supplements, kidney damage/failure (melamine does too)
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what important federal act reduced gov't ability to regulate food?
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Dietary Supplements Act of '94 - FDA can no longer regulate/test dietary supplements
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What was wrong with the 11 Blue Men? why's it added and how do you prevent it?
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consumed sodium nitrite instead of chloride --> reacted w/ Hb (purpose is to cure meats: prevent botulism); prevent via antioxidant like Vitamin c
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what % of organic produce in stores could contain pesticide traces?
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25%
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"Dirty Dozen" are mostly what?
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un-peelable fruits - most contaminated produce
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most common microbial contaminants
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botulinum: natural and the toxin "BoTox"
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CDC def of outbreak
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2 or more people experiencing similar illness after ingesting same food/beverage
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3 groups affected by food-borne illness
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individual, industry, public health
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most importance source of food contamination (from the 5 potential sources of contam - not disease)
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microbial, then enviro/natural
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types of microbial contaminants + where they're found
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ecoli: spinach - fecal contaminant; salmonella: Schwann's icecream, Listeria monocytogenes (there forever)
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salmonella found in
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Schwann's icecream
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what are prions?
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proteinaceous infectious particles --> misfolded and change shape of other proteins so they're toxic (i.e mad cow D+) --> resistant to high T
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giardia and crypto hard to get rid of but ecoli easy to get rid of via...
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chlorination
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factors that affect microbial growth on food
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pH, temp, nutrient avail, moisture content, redox potential
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what is water activity and how is it defined?
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water activity = water vapor pressure food / water vapor pressure water (higher = more free water in food = probs more bacteria can grow in it)
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main factors associated w/ food-borne outbreaks
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top 2 = improper holding temp, poor personal hygiene; also inadequate cooking, contaminated equipment, food from unsafe sources
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what % antibiotics used for feed animals?
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40% (treat + fatten them) - problem b/c we're getting drug resistant bacteria
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what's the best method of food prep and why?
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radiation! no radioactive resistant strains shown, no loss of nutrition, no sig inc radioactivity (food's naturally radioactive), slight chance of URP (unique/unidentified radiolytic products)
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hazard analysis critical control point 7 principles (HACCP)
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analyze hazards, ID control points, institute preventive measures, procedures to monitor critical control points, establish correction action to take when monitoring shows critical limit has not been met, establish procedure to make sure monitoring is working, recordkeeping to document HACCP system
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what makes lead useful but dangerous/persistent in enviro?
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not easily degraded, heavy metal, malleable, dense, long life span, low melt temp
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mostly absorb lead via
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GI tract (ingestion)
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metabolism of lead?
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none for inorganic, dealkylation of organic --> excrete in urine
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lead's half life in bones is
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10 yrs
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how much more susceptible are kids to lead effects and why?
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5 times (50%) b/c still growing (uptake more in bones), non-dev blood/brain barrier = more blood gets in, hand to mouth activity
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lead paint exists in what form vs what source of lead
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inorganic vs organic of gasoline
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symptoms of blood lead poisoning
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subclinical neuro damage, cerebral palsy like symptoms, neuro damage (esp peripheral nerve)
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how do we have lead dust in air?
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enviro remnant of leaded gasoline (was organic --> dust)
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describe neurotoxicity of low-lead lead exposure
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causes reduc in IQ even at low levels (no threshold)
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what's environmental injustice?
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enviro health burden on 1 pop more than on another (ex low SES + urban groups have disproportionate occurence of Pb2+ poisoning)
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what do you have to be careful of when considering delinquency/violence w/ elevated blood lead levels?
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control for poverty, SES
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what is current treatment for lead?
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chelation - removes lead (and other important metals) from body so good for preventing physical symptoms at high doses; ineffective at restoring cognitive ability
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alternative intervention for lead-poisoned cog deficits?
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enriched enviro --> showed no sig inc cog def than control (non lead) group --> harder to apply from rats to humans tho
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what are main characteristics of POP's?
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hard to degrade --> stay in enviro long time, varying toxicities, bioaccumulate, can travel long distances
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what are 2 chemical requirements for POP to interact w/ receptor?
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be lipid soluble, be planar (Ah receptor)
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all POP's have these 2 functional groups
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halogen + phenyl
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examples of POP's
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DDT, TCDD/dioxin (lipid sol - easily absorbed + diffused, carcinogenic)
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sources of dioxin
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paper waste (chlorinate to make white --> dump), improper T burning of plastics
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how is dioxin made?
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always a byproduct!
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what is other name for TCDD
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dioxin!
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why is dioxin in body so dangerous?
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bioaccumulates + really slow half life (10 yrs) - stored in tissues/fat
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what pop is especially susceptible to dioxin?
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breast feeding infants
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what are some toxicological effects of dioxin?
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chloracne, teratogenesis, cancer, testical/thymus/liver atrophy
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how does TCDD act?
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attaches to molec receptor + changes gene expression
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recent source of TCDD
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e-waste - electronic salvage operations (esp in China) + agent orange in Vietnam
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why don't we ban production of dioxin?
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b/c we don't intentionally produce it! it's a byproduct
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what is the iceberg concept of carcinogenesis?
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many steps to clinical symptoms
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what is a mycotoxin?
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a toxin produced by a fungus
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3 major determining factors in mold infestation (pre-harvest)
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high temp stress, water stress (i.e drought pre harvest, humidity post harvest), insect damage
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biggest source of aflotoxins in U.S
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corn and peanuts
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how are aflotoxins dif from POP's?
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easily eliminated (elim as water soluble + short 1/2 life) = only worry about from animals via milk; does not biomagnify
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how do aflotoxins relate to age?
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lower LD50 as get older - lipid sol + needs to be bioactivated by genes expressed in older age
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aflatoxins effects:
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lethal toxicity (less than dioxin), carcinogenicity (esp liver), reduced/delayed immune response
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aflatoxin and what interact to have a ___ effect on risk of liver cancer (HCC)?
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hepatitis (HBV, HCV), have multiplicative effect b/c way in which bio + chem markers interact
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examples of levels of prevention vs HCC:
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primary (HBV global vaccination - hard b/c of policy, expense, need for 3; reduced expo to aflatoxin: better drying methods, insecticides, red moisture); secondary (chemopreventive to prevent toxicity - ex = chlorophyllin - activate anti-carcinogenic enzymes)
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how measure aflatoxin levels in blood?
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by the aflatoxin-DNA adducts in urine (measure anti-carcinogenic byproducts in same way to see if broccoli sprout intervention worked - huge inter + intra individual variability)
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basic requirements to a healthy environmen
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clean and adequate food, water, clean air, peace, security, clothes, shelter
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compare population and per capita income graphs of a low and high income country
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high income: income and pop both grow linearly ($ grows faster); low income: pop inc exponentially and income barely inc --> growing poverty
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most of low-income country's $ goes to
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defense + financial/econ stuff (like repaying debts)
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dif b/w how China and Burma handled their natural disasters:
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China let in aid + $ so handled well, burma's junta did not
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3 key features of disaster (it's effects)
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prolonged + serious damage; multi types of stress; threat of reoccurence leads to failure to take adaptive defense strategies
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key factors to life expectancy (3)
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nutrition, clean/enough water, healthcare
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what does war have to do with enviro? (3)
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enviro resources can cause war, enviro directly destroyed by war, indirect effect - enviro can't support refugee pops, etc
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water issues in low income countries
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water scarcity, poor sanitation, no water treatment, no trained personnel to deal with waterborne diseases
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or 4 mil deaths caused by diarrheal diseases, how many are preventable with adequate sanitation and clean water?
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3 million
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what is biggest E sources in developing and developed countries?
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biofuels, petroleum (cleaner fuels --> more efficient, more expensive)
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more global annual deaths esp in _____ due to indoor or outdoor air pollution
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rural developing --> indoor; many fewer deaths from outdoor air poln but those are mostly from urban developing countries
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enviro health probs assoc with urbanization
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water scarcity + pollution, air poln, ID+ b/c of crowding, noise poln, toxic-haz waste
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characteristics of global issues
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long acting or persistent, trans-boundary/national, affects lots of people, is an underlying cause of events
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exs of global issues
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pop increase, loss of biodiversity, land degrad, water shortage, acid rain, food security
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what happens to temp if we keep CO2 levels stable?
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still increase! so sea levels still rise! we need to cut it down
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examples of land degradation
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overgrazing, deforestation (esp in Asia), poor irrigation, overcultivation, desertification
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world's biggest ecologic disaster
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shrinkign of aral sea
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