Enviorn. Bio Test 1

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The 6 ways species interact are

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mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism, herbivory, neutralism, amensalism, competition.

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Multiple organisms seek the same limited resource

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Competition

Front 3

the full niche of a species.

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Fundamental niche

Front 4

only plays a part of its role because of competition or other species interaction.

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Realized niche

Front 5

Coexisting competitors may adjust their resource use, habitat use, or way of life to minimize conflict.

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Niche

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the process by which individuals of one species, a predator, hunt, capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species, its prey

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Predation

Front 7

a relationship in which one organism depends on another for nourishment or some other benefit while simultaneously doing the host harm.

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Parasitism

Front 8

animals feed on the tissues of plants.

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Herbivory

Front 9

a relationship in which two or more species benefit from interaction with one another.

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Mutualism

Front 10

a relationship on which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected.

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Amensalism

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one species benefits; the other is unaffected

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Commensalism

Front 12

By eating different foods, organisms are at different
, and play different roles in the community.

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Trophic levels

Front 13

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms

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Producers

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animals that primarily eat plants

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Herbivores

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animals that eat herbivores

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Secondary consumers

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eat nonliving organic matter; they recycle nutrients

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Detrivores and decomposers

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simplified linear diagram of who eats whom.

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Food chain

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complex network of who eats whom.

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Food web

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between two or more species.

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Interspecific competition

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within a species. Does not usually involve fighting, but may include contests.

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Intraspecific competition

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one species excludes the other from a resource.

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Competitive exclusion

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both species coexist at a ratio of population sizes

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Species coexistence

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specialize in different ways of exploiting a resource.

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Resource partitioning

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physical characters evolve to become different to better differentiate resources use.

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Character displacement

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population dynamics of predator-prey systems sometimes show paired cycles; ups and downs in one, drive ups and downs in the other.

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Predator-prey cycles

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species that have especially great impacts on other community members and on the community’s identity

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Keyustone species

Front 27

a community that remains stable despite disturbance is showing _____.

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Resistance

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when it changes in response to disturbance but later returns to its original state.

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Resilience

Front 29

a series of regular, predictable, quantifiable changes through which communities go.

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Succession

Front 30

pioneer species colonize a newly exposed area

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Primary succession

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the community changes following a disturbance.

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Secondary succession

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transitions between stages of succession eventually lead to a ____ ____

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Climax community

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believed that communities are cohesive entities whose members remain associated over time and space.

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Fredrick Clements

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maintained that communities are not cohesive units, but temporary associations of individual species that can reassemble into different combinations.

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Henry Gleason

Front 35

a biome consisting of mid latitude forests characterized by broad-leafed trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter.

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Temperate deciduous forest

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a biome whose vegetation is dominated by grasses and features more extreme temperature differences between winter and summer and less precipitation than temperate deciduous forests.

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Temperate grassland

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a biome consisting of tall coniferous trees, cooler and less species-rich than tropical rainforest and milder and wetter than temperature deciduous forests

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Temperate rainforest

Front 38

a biome that characterized by year-round rain and uniformly warm temperatures.

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Tropical rainforest

Front 39

a biome that consists of deciduous trees and occurs at tropical and subtropical latitudes where wet and dry seasons each span about half the year.

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Tropical dry forest

Front 40

a biome characterized by grassland interspread with clusters of acacias and other trees

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Savanna

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The driest biome on earth, with annual precipitation of less than 25cm. Tundra

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Desert

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a biome of northern coniferous forest that stretches in a broad band across much of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and scandinavia.

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Boreal forest

Front 43

a biome consisting mostly of densely thicketed evergreen shrubs occurring in limited small patches.

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Chaparral

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genetic change across generations

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Evolution

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process by which traits that enhance
survival are passed on to future generations more than
those that do not

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• Natural selection

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• This alters the genetic makeup of populations over time.

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natural selection

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each proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution
and a way to explain the variety of living things.

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Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace

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• A trait that promotes success in natural selection is called
an

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adaptive trait or an adaptation.

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• A trait that reduces success is •

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maladaptive.

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A trait that is adaptive in one location or season may prove _____in another.

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maladaptive

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one species excludes the other from a resource.

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Competitive exclusion

Front 52

both species coexist at a ratio of population sizes

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Species coexistence

Front 53

specialize in different ways of exploiting a resource.

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Resource partitioning

Front 54

physical characters evolve to become different to better differentiate resources use.

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Character displacement

Front 55

population dynamics of predator-prey systems sometimes show paired cycles; ups and downs in one, drive ups and downs in the other.

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Predator-prey cycles

Front 56

species that have especially great impacts on other community members and on the community’s identity

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Keyustone species

Front 57

a community that remains stable despite disturbance is showing _____.

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Resistance

Front 58

when it changes in response to disturbance but later returns to its original state.

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Resilience

Front 59

a series of regular, predictable, quantifiable changes through which communities go.

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Succession

Front 60

pioneer species colonize a newly exposed area

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Primary succession

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For a trait to be heritable, genes in an organism’s ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ _____.

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DNA
must code for the trait.

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• ______ are accidental changes in DNA.

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Mutations

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•_________that are not lethal provide the genetic variation
on which natural selections act.

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Mutations

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the sum of an
area’s organisms, considering the diversity of species,
their genes, their populations, and their communities.

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Biodiversity, or biological diversity

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• A ____ is a particular type of organism; a population
or group of populations whose members share certain
characteristics and can freely breed with one another
and produce fertile offspring.

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species

Front 66

• A ____ is a group of individuals of a particular
species that live in the same area.

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population

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The process by which new species come
into being

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Speciation

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1. Single interbreeding
population
2. Population divided by a
barrier; subpopulations
isolated

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Allopatric speciation

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Many geological and climatic events can serve as barriers
separating populations and causing speciation.

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Allopatric speciation

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3. The two populations
evolve independently,
diverge in their traits.
4. Populations reunited
when barrier removed,
but are now different
enough that they don’t
interbreed.

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Allopatric speciation

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• Life’s diversification results from countless speciation
events over vast spans of time.

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Phylogenetic trees

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• Evolutionary history of divergence is shown with
diagrams called

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phylogenetic trees.

Front 73

• Similar to family genealogies, these show relationships
among organisms.

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phylogenetic trees

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the disappearance of an entire species
from the face of the Earth.

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Extinction

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• Average time for a species on Earth is ~

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1–10 million
years.

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• = the number formed by
speciation minus the number removed by extinction

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Species currently on Earth

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Earth has seen ___ mass extinction events: 50%+ of
species were wiped out.

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five

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Ecology deals with these
levels of life:

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Organismal
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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are made up of multiple interacting
species that live in the same area.

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Communities

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• encompass communities and the nonliving
material with which their members interact.

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Ecosystems

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• Several attributes help predict population dynamics
(changes in population):
•

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Population size
• Population density
• Population distribution
• Sex ratio
• Age structure
• Birth and death rates
Or age distribution=

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relative numbers of
individuals of each age
or age class in a
population

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age distribution

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• Ratio of males to females
in a population

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Sex ratio

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Populations grow, shrink, or remain stable,
depending on

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rates of birth, death, immigration,
and emigration.

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Survivorship curves
• Type __ : survival rates are high when organisms are young
and decrease sharply when organisms are old.

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I

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Survivorship curves
• Type __: survival rates are equivalent regardless of an
organism’s age.
.

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II

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Survivorship curves
• Type ___: most mortality takes place at young ages, and
survival rates are greater at older ages.

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III

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Unregulated populations increase by ____ _____

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exponential
growth

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Population
growth
curves show
change in ______ ____ ____ ____

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population
size over time

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Limiting factors restrain exponential population
growth, ____ the growth rate down.

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slowing

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off at a carrying capacity—
the maximum population size of a given species an
environment can sustain.

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• Population growth levels

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• Initial exponential growth, slowing, and stabilizing at
carrying capacity is shown by a _____ _____ _____.

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logistic growth curve

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Density-dependent factors (disease, predation, etc.)
account for the ____ ____ ____

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logistic growth curve

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Species producing lots of young (insects, fish, frogs,
plants) have ___ ___ ___

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high biotic potential

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• Many offspring
• Fast growing
• No parental care

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r-selected species

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• Few offspring
• Slow growing
• Parental care

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K-selected species

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tourism focused on visiting natural areas.

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Ecotourism