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244 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between abiotic and biotic?
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Abiotic: not living
Biotic: living |
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What is the environment?
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the sum of our total surroundings, biotic and abiotic
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What are the physical factors of the environment?
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heat, light, gravity
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What are the chemical factors of the environment?
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oxygen, water, nutrients
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What are the biological factors of the environment?
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plants, animals, bacteria, fungi
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"If it affects us..."
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it is part of the environment
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What does extractive use of natural resources mean?
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Remove them from their original environment in order to use them.
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What are the two types of resources?
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renewable: can be replaced after use
nonrenewable: can not be replaced |
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What are some renewable resources?
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food, water, forest products, energy (solar, wind, hydro)
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What are some non-renewable resources?
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fossils, minerals
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How long do fossil fuels take to form?
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millions of years
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Natural resources exist on a range of ...
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sustainability
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What is one natural resource that will always be available?
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solar energy
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What is one natural resource that will never return?
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fossil fuels
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What is an example of a resource that is renewable but unsustainable if over harvested?
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fisheries
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What does the size of the population effect?
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1. waste produced
2. resources used |
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What direction is human population growing?
From ___ billion to ___ billion over the last 50 years. |
expoentially
3 to 6.5 billion |
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What two books dwell on population growth? and what did they say
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Malthus " an essay on the principle of population" - uncontrolled population growth will lead to scarcity of resources
ehrlich-"the population bomb" amount of available resources was going to become limiting by the end of the 20th century |
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The actual impact that a population has on the environment depends on what?
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size of the population and amount of recourses each person uses
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What is the "standard of living"
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energy use per capita
land use per capita |
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What is the ecological foot print?
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measures the environmental impact of each individual
- expressed in the amount of land needed to provide all of the resources needed |
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What is Easter Island an example of?
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how unsustainable use of resources can lead to environmental collapse
resource over-use! |
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What were some causes of Easter Island?
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population, overuse of resources, invasive species
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What is environmental science?
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a way of studying the world around us
the study of human activity has affected the natural world an attempt to identify and solve environmental problems - its and seeks to solve interdisciplanry problems |
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Environmental scientists...
Environmentalists ... |
investigate;advocate
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What are some factors affecting our perception of environmental problems?
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PERSPECTIVES -- demographic factors (age, income, education), information, time scale
VALUES decisions-- ex: DDT use |
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What is science?
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- a process
- knowledge advances through the weight of accumulated evidence - develops theories and models to explain the world |
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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1. observation
2. questions 3. hypothesis 4. predictions 5. test 6. results |
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What is a manipulative experiment and a natural(correlational) experiment?
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variables controlled
observations made under real world conditions |
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What does the scientific process result in?
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models and theories
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What is a paradigm shift?
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a new theory replaces old theories
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What are 5 environmental problems we face?
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population growth
natural resources used up agricultural production pollution (air and water) biodiversity |
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What happened in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill?
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11 millions of oil spilled
1300 miles of coast covered in the Prince william sound- oil tanker collided with a reef |
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What are the properties of Oil?
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mixture of hydrocarbons
not water soluble (causes slicks, coats animal fur relatively inert (accumulates) toxic |
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Cleaning up oil--> What is bioremediation?
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using the metabolism of living organisms to break down pollution
- depends on the chemical properties of the pollutant |
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What are some elements ?
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carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, gold
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What are atoms?
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basic units of elements
composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons |
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What is in the nucleus?
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protons+neutrons
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What does the number of protons=?
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electrons
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What determines what element something is?
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number of protons
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What are ions?
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an atom with an uneven number of protons and electrons
- they are electrically charged - some are positive and some are negative |
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What are isotopes?
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different forms of an element that differ by atomic weight (number of neutrons)
chemically the same |
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What is the atomic weight of an element equal to?
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number of neutrons
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For isotopes, some are radioactive...some are
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stable
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What are molecules held together by?
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chemical bonds
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What are the 2 types of chemical bonds/ define them.
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covalent bonds-stable bonds where atoms share electrons
ionic bonds-electrical attractions, forms salts, water soluble- less stable |
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What do all forms of life contain?
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water
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What is the solvent that the chemical reactions of life take place in?
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water
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What is the chemical structure of water?
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asymmetrical molecule
electrons are concentrated near the oxygen atom water forms a special type of bond called a "hydrogen bond" |
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What is the type of bond water forms?
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hydrogen bond
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What is heat capacity?
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water absorbs a lot of heat without changing its temperature
moderates the temperature of the climate and of individual organisms |
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What is water?
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universal solvent
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When is water neutral?
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H+ and OH- are equal
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When is water acidic?
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H+ is > OH-
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When is water basic?
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H+ <OH-
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What is the pH scale?
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0-6 acidic
7-neutral 8-14 basic |
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Atoms form what to make up molecules?
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ionic and covalent bonds
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What gives water its special properties?
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ability to form hydrogen bonds
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Hydrocarbons
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contain 1 carbon, 1 hydrogen
may be straight, branched or rings physical properties depend on size and shape |
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A hydrocarbon with 1-4 carbon atoms are ..
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gases
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A hydrocarbon with 5-20 carbon atoms are ..
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liquid
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A hydrocarbon >20 carbon atoms are ..
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solid
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Where can hydrocarbons be found?
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oil
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What does bioremediation do?
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encourage growth of native bacteria that are able to use the oil as food
- adds necessary nutrients to the oil to balance the over-abundance of carbon |
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What are some polymers?
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1. Proteins (amino acids)
2. DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids) |
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What are proteins (amino acids)
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- polymer
- contain nitrogen and oxygen - chains of amino acids in complex patterns - act as enzymes and for future structure |
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What are DNA and RNA (nucleic acids)
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- contains sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases
specifc patterns of bases are used to store information |
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How do you convert a gene sequence to a protein structure?
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Gene in DNA (blueprint) --> RNA (messenger-->Protein (product)
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What are the organic compounds?
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carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids
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What is energy?
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that which changes the position, physical, composition of temperature of matter
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What are the 2 forms of energy?
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potential, kinetic
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What is potential energy (define/examples)
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Potential: energy of position (stored energy)
ex: Water held behind a damn A stretched spring |
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What is kinetic energy (define/examples)?
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energy in motion
ex: heat, light |
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How does the conversion of energy work?
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potential energy is stored as chemical bonds and organization is converted into kinetic energy in the form of heat and light by the reaction with oxygen (fire) and is left in a more disorganized state.
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What happens to energy density as it is transferred from one form to another?
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high quality--> low quality
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What are some energy sources?
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solar, geothermal, chemical
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How are complex ecosystems supposed in the absence of sunlight?
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chemo-synthetic bacteria
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How do we get energy from respiration?
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energy to power our body comes from sunlight via photosynthesis
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What is petroleum made up of?
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remains of anciaent organizms that were built fro mthe enrgy gatherd by authrophs
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What does bioremediation depend on?
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hetertrophs oxidizing the peroleum from energy
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Most organisms get their energy from sunlight, either directly___ or indirectly ___through the process of ____.
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phototrophs;heterotrophs;photosynthesis
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Sound science is based on ____ rather than a one time occurence
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repeatability
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Growth in population and consumption is due to
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production of food
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Hypothesis
Prediction Theory |
-a statement that explains a phenonmeneon or answers a scienfitic quesiton
- a statement that can be directy or unequivocally tested - predict new discoveries, widely accepted explanantion |
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Environment
Environmentalism Environmental Science |
define
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Science
Scientific method |
- systematic process for learning the world and testing our understanding
- |
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Sound science is based on ____ rather than a one time occurence
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repeatability
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Growth in population and consumption is due to
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production of food
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How is global climate change occuring?
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carbon dioxide and other gases absorb heat and warm the earths surface
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What are some results of global warming
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glaciers melt, sea level rise, bad weather, crops/wild life affected
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Biodiversity
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cumulative number and diversity of living things
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Fossil fuels
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nonrenewable resources
coal, oil, gas |
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Sustainability
Sustainable development Triple bottom line |
- conserving Earth's capital so its there in the future
-using resources that satisfy needs but doesn't threat the future - environmental, economic, social goals |
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___ are apart of the ___ and not seperated from nature.
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humans;environment
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What effect does fossil fuel usage have?
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resource depletion, air and water pollution, climate change, habit destruction
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Control vs. treatment
Controlled experiment |
control: unmanipulated point of comparison
treatment: manipulated - all variables controlled except one |
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Environmental science
Social science Natural science Environment Ecology Biodiversity |
- interdisciplinary field that borrows techniques
- study human interactions and institutions - disciplines that study the natural world - sum of total surroundings abiotic + biotic - distribution and abundance of organisms - cumulative number and diversity of living things |
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Law of conservation of matter
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matter can not be created nor destroyed
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What 3 elements played key roles in the bio-remediation of the oil spill
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carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus
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element
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fundamental type of matter, a chemical substance with a given set of properties
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elements in living organisms
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carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
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atomic number
mass number |
# of protons
# of protons + neutrons |
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isotopes
radioactive isotopes /stable isotopes ions |
- atoms diff # of neutrons
- decay into light and lighter radiosotopes until they become stable--the subatomic particles shed from radiation - electrically charged atoms |
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Molecule
Compound/ example Organic compound |
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- - carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds |
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Covalent bond
Ionic bond/example. Hydrogen bond |
- atoms share electrons
- electrons are transferred from one atom to another (salt) - oxygen atom of one water molecule is weakly attracted to one or 2 hydrogen atoms of another |
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Elements in the air in the atmosphere
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nitrogen, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone
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what is the simplest hydrocarbon and what is it the key component to
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methane (CH4) - gas
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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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- health hazard
volatile molecules with a structure of carbon rings that can evaporate from spilled oil and gasoline can mix with water |
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polymers
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-long chains of repeated molecules
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates NOT lipids |
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macromolecules
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proteins, nucleic acids, carbodhydrates., lipids
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proteins are ___ . define the missing word.
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enzymes - catalyze reactions
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nucleic acids
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DNA (deoxyribonuclic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid genome composed of all genes, which are divided into chromosomes |
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how many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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carbohydrates (simple/complex)
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consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
simple- sugars or monosaccharides ex: Glucose (C6H12O6) complex- polysaccharides ex: Starch |
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What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
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cellulose
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Lipids
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don't dissolve in water
- fatty acids connected to a glycerol molecule |
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cell
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basic unit of life's organization
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eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
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euk- animals, plants, fungi, protists have membrane bound organelles and nucleus
pro- bacteria with no organelles and no nucleus |
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energy
potential energy kinetic energy chemical energy |
changes the position, physical composition or temperature of matter
- stable (energy holding water from going down damn) - motion (when water let loose, the energy driving the water) - potential energy found in bonds between atoms |
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First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics |
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy is conserved)
– In a closed system, the total amount of energy does not increase or decrease – Energy can change from one form to another Second Law of Thermodynamics (Energy quality changes) - Energy will change from a more-ordered state to a less ordered state (towards ENTROPY-increasing disorder) |
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entropy
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systems move towards increasing disorder
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energy conversion efficiency
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ratio of useful output of energy to the amount that needs to be input
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The energy that powers Earth's ecological systems
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solar/sun energy
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autotrophs (primary producers)/examples
vs. heterotrophs |
- use suns energy to produce their own food ( green plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
- organisms that feed on other organisms |
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Photosynthesis
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using light energy from the sun to turn it into chemical energy
carbon dioxide + water --> sugars (GLUCOSE) low quality energy from sun to high quality energy 6CO2 + 12H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 |
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Respiration
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opposite reaction of photosynthesis
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Chemosynthesis
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same as photosynthesis but replace sunlight with chemical energy
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Environmental problems can be thought of as
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resource management problems
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How does science advance knowledge?
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weight of accumulated evidence
peer review grants and funding |
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What are isotopes used for in environmental science?
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stable isotopes used to track migration
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What is a molecule?
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made up for 2 or more atoms
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What is a compound?
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a molecule of 2 or more elements
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What are molecules held together by
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chemical bonds (ionic and covalent)
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What are the 2 special properties of water?
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cohesion and heat capacity
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What is cohesion
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water sticks to itself
water produces surface tension |
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What does it mean that water is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
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dissovles polar and nonpolar molecules
allows for many chemical reactions |
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What are elements made of
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atoms
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What are the elements chemical properties determined by
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structure of atoms
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What is an organic compound? / examples
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a carbon containing molecule where the carbon atom is covalently bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
- carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids |
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What do organic compounds sometimes form?
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polymers
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What is a carbohydrate?
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a carbon containing polymer and organic compound
ex: sugar or glucose simple carb- monosacharide complex carb-polysaccarhide ex: starch |
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What is a lipid
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fats and oils, 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
- also steroids, wax, |
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What are 2 examples of simple hydrocarbons?
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methane(CH4) and ethane(C2H6)
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What is an aromatic hydrocarbon/example?
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carbon atoms form a ring where electrons are shared
- toxic ex: Benzene, Napthalene |
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What does complete oxidation of hydrocarbons produce?
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carbon dioxide + water
CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + H20 |
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What is temperature equal to
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molecular motion
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What happens to energy density as it is transferred from one form to another?
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high quality --> low quality
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What is energy efficiency?
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a measure of how much of the energy used is converted to useful work
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What is the efficiceny of internal cumbostion engine, light bulb, photovoltaic cell?
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16%
5% 15% |
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What are some energy sources
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solar, geothermal, chemical
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What is a phototroph
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primary producers
ex: green plants, algae, cyanobacteria |
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What is geothermal heat?
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heat from inside earth
produced by radioactive decay emerges at volcanoes and geyesers |
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What is chemical energy?
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potential energy in molecular bonds of minerals, released during the weathering of bedrocks
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How are complex ecosystems supported in the absence of sunlight?
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chemo-synthetic bacteria
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What is petroleum made up of ?
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remains of ancient organism that were built from the energy gathered by autotrophs
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What does bioremediation depend on?
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heterotrophs oxidizing the petroleum from energy
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The actual impact that a population has on the environment depends on ...
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1. size of population
2. amount of resources used per person |
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Differences in standards of living (affluence)
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determine the ecological footprints of different populations
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economics is..
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study of how people decide to use scarce resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand for them.
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economic systems are..
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Social systems that convert
resources into goods and services. |
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what are 3 types of systems?
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subsistence
capitalst market centrally planned(socialist) |
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What was Adam Smiths idea?
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capitalist syterm that
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard for their own self-interest.” meaning Competition between people free to pursue their own economic self-interest benefits society as a whole |
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What is pure capitalism?
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Laissez-faire policies(unrestrained)
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economics is..
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study of how people decide to use scarce resources to provide goods and services in the face of demand for them.
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economic systems are..
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Social systems that convert
resources into goods and services. |
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what are 3 types of systems?
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subsistence
capitalst market centrally planned(socialist) |
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What was Adam Smiths idea?
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capitalist syterm that
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard for their own self-interest.” meaning Competition between people free to pursue their own economic self-interest benefits society as a whole |
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What is pure capitalism?
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Laissez-faire policies(unrestrained)
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what can pure capitalism lead to?
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tragedy of the commons
environmental degradation |
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what roles does gov play in a market economy?
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• Eliminate unfair advantages/monopolies
• Provide safety nets • Provide social services • Manage the commons • Mitigate pollution |
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in neoclassicl economics..
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seller wants highest possible price
buyer wants lowest possible price result is “right” price psychological factors supply and demand |
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Adam SMiths ideas were from?
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classical economics
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what are the four assumptions of neoclassical economics?
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Resources are infinite or substitutable
Long-term effects are discounted Costs and benefits are internal growth is good |
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growth increases..
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wealth
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what is cost-benefit analysis?
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tool used in neoclassical economics
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what was the problem with cost-benefit analysis?
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not all costs and benefits easily
quantified |
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what is the Environmental View of Economic Activity?
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Human economy is
within the environment, receiving resources and services from it. |
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what is the Conventional View of Economic Activity
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Focuses on interactions
between households and businesses • Views environment as an external “factor of production.” |
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ecosystem services include
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– Soil formation
– Water purification – Climate regulation – Pollination – Nutrient cycling – Waste treatment |
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what does environmental economist think?
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Human economies
can be made sustainable through improvements in technology and efficiency. |
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what does an ecological economist think?
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Any economy dependent
on growth is ultimately unsustainable; economies cannot overcome environmental limitations; economies should be circular, not linear. |
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what does environmental economics help to do?
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Control population growth
• Use resources more efficiently (less wasteful) • Include external costs • Consider long-term effects (limit discounting) • e.g., Resources for the Future |
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use value is..
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worth of the direct use of a resoursce
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option value is..
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worth of things we conserve
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a tiger is an example of..
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existence value
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when does a market fail
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when their prices do not take
into account: • Positive effects, such as ecosystem services and/or • Negative effects, such as external costs |
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culture
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knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.
- affect perception of the environment and environmental problems. |
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worldview
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person’s or group’s beliefs about
the meaning, purpose, operation, and essence of the world. - affect perception of the environment and environmental problems. |
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Ethics and economics ..
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give us tools we need to pursue the "triple bottom line" of environmental, economic, and social sustainability.
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Australian Aborgines ..
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saw environmental impacts of Ranger mine opposed Jabiluka mine.
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Mirrar culture and worldview favor ..
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natural land and functioning ecosystems.
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ethics
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a branch of philosophy that involves the study of good and bad, of right and wrong.
- can also refer to the set of moral principles or values held by a person or a society. |
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relativists
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believe that ethics do and should vary with social context.
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universalists
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maintain that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations.
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For both relativists and universalists,
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ethics is a normative or prescriptive pursuit; it tells us how we ought to behave.
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ethical standards
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criteria that help differentiate right from wrong.
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who is the best everrrr ???
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KELLLYYYYYYY<3
is a fucking fag. |
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environmental ethics
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the application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and nonhuman entities.
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John Ruskin
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criticized polluted 19th-century cities, and “desacralizing” nature.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
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Transcendentalists viewed nature as divine, and opposed materialism.
- environmental ethics are attributed to Thoreau, |
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Teddy Roosevelt
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conservationist, so involved with conservation movement
conservation - conserve natural resources so we can continue to benefit from them. |
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John Muir
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preservationist; founder of Sierra Club
preservation- doing for animals and plants |
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Aldo Leopold
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wrote the "Land Ethic"; argued that we should treat land with ethical consideration
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anthropocentrism
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describes human centered view of our relationship with the environment.
- denies or ignores the notion that nonhuman entities can have rights, also measures the costs and benefits of actions solely according to their impact on people. |
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biocentrism
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ascribes value to certain living things or to the biotic realm in general.
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ecocentrism
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judges actions in terms of their benefit or harm to the integrity of whole ecological systems, which consist of living and nonliving elements and the relationships among them
- value the well- being of entire species, communities, or ecosystems over the welfare of a given individual. |
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Systems
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relationships that exchange matter, energy, or information
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Inputs and outputs
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inputs: energy (solar, geothermal, chemical) matter, information
outputs: energy (heat, chemical) matter, information |
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Flow and energy of matter
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detrivores and decomposers-->
detritus (non living organic matter) -->producers-->primary consumers-->secondary consumers-->territory consumers |
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Feedback Loops
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output becomes input for same system
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Positive feedback loop
Negative feedback loop |
Positive: unstable, moves system in same direction
Negative: stable, causes opposite reaction to happen |
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Equilibrium
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Homeostasis: constant internal conditions , not moving
Static: not moving Dynamic: processes move in opposite directions at equivalent rates |
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System Boundaries
Closed vs open system |
- most boundaries undefined
- closed: no input, artificial systems - open: Tmost natural systems |
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The Mississippi River as a System
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Inputs
Outputs - water, nutrients, sediment |
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Nitrate Pollution in Mississippi River System
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agricultural fertilizer, lawns and golf courses, septic systems, industrial waste
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Whats an essential nutrient for the phytoplankton living in open water?
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nitrates
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When large amounts of phytoplankton grow, they produce an overload of what?
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organic material
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Input of nitrates into the Mississippi River system..
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helps to cause hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico system.
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Ecosystem
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all interacting organisms and abiotic factors in a particular place
involve flow of energy and matter |
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Primary Productivity
Net Primary Productivity |
- amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesizes
- amount of fixed carbon (biomass) available for use by consumers |
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Reservoirs
Flux Energy ***all parts of a CYCLE |
- materials found in different forms or places
- materials move from one reservoir to another - cycles are driven by energy |
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Reservoirs
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surface water
ground water ice caps atmospheric water biotic water (water in living things) |
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Fluxes
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evaporation and transpiration
precipitation runoff and groundwater flow freezing and thawing |
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Energy
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solar
photosynthesis ad respiration |
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Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle
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1. damming rivers
2. groundwater usage 3. irrigation 4. urbanization 6. deforestation |
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Cycles describe the ____ of matter from one reservoir to another
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flux
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The water cycle invovles movement of water across and through the ground, ___, and ___
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evaporation and precipitation
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Nutrients
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elements needed by all living systems
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concentration
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how much of a component there is within a mixture
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mass per volume
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(mg/L) water, air
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mass per mass
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(mg/kg, ppm, %) water, solids
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volume per volume
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(mL/m3, ppm, %) air
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basic units
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m- meter
L- liter g- gram |
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prefixes
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M= mega = 10 ^6 = 1,000,000
k= kilo= 10 ^3= 1000 |
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sensitivity
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as methods get better, we can detect lower levels of contamination -> this is a good thing
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in solids ..
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1 mg/kg = 1 ppm
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in water..
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1 mg/L = 1 ppm
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environmental effects on wildlife
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food chain (plastic pellets)
smothering sessile benthic organisms blocking light |
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2 primary problems with plastic and wildlife
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entanglement & ingestion
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Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cyle:
damming rivers |
increases evaporation and infiltration
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groundwater usage
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depletes a slowly- replenished resource
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irrigation
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dries up rivers and increases evaporation
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urbanization
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increases runoff
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deforestation
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decreases transpiration and increases runoff
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