Envi 101 One

Front 1

Facilitation Succession

Back 1

The process by which the plants that come in facilitate the growth of the next plants

Front 2

Inhibition Succession

Back 2

When one plant colonizes an area so well that they resist the invasion of other species in later stage

Front 3

Tolerance Succession

Back 3

Disorderly succession like when the wind blows seeds around causing plants to grow randomly

Front 4

Primary Succession

Back 4

Starting from no soil, bare rock

Front 5

Secondary Succession

Back 5

Some kind of soil, could be released nutrients from a fire. Usually after a prior ecosystem has been reduced by some event

Front 6

Facilitation Succession

Back 6

The process by which the plants that come in facilitate the growth of the next plants

Front 7

Inhibition Succession

Back 7

When one plant colonizes an area so well that they resist the invasion of other species in later stage

Front 8

Tolerance Succession

Back 8

Disorderly succession like when the wind blows seeds around causing plants to grow randomly

Front 9

Primary Succession

Back 9

Starting from no soil, bare rock

Front 10

Secondary Succession

Back 10

Some kind of soil, could be released nutrients from a fire. Usually after a prior ecosystem has been reduced by some event

Front 11

Succession from pasture

Back 11

When trees (like fruit trees) come in after being a pasture

Front 12

Succession from tilled land

Back 12

Takes longer to succeed because the soil has been damaged, usually has pits and mounds.

Front 13

Climatic Climax

Back 13

Climate affects which plants can grow where.

Front 14

Pulse Climax

Back 14

Climax maintained by a regular disturbance such as mowing the lawn

Front 15

Edaphic Climx

Back 15

When soil is the determining factor for which vegetation grows where

Front 16

Legume

Back 16

A nitrogen fixing plant!

Front 17

Crown Vetch

Back 17

Pink flowers, can be invasive. A kind of legume

Front 18

Autumn Olive

Back 18

Invasive, birds eat the fruit

Front 19

Honeysuckle

Back 19

Brings birds, invasive

Front 20

Gray Dogwood

Back 20

Inhibits succession, red stems, it has fruit

Front 21

What is the order of soil horizons?

Back 21

O, A, B, C

Front 22

What is O horizon?

Back 22

The layer known as humus, it has large amounts of organic matter in a variety of different decomposition stages. Many decomposers

Front 23

What is A?

Back 23

Topsoil layer which usually has clay or sand. The soil moisture carrying nutrients is brought up by roots. The most biological activity is here.

Front 24

What is B?

Back 24

Is the subsoil layer and contains concentrations of clay. It is lighter usually and smaller particles. Organic matter gets thru by leaching.

Front 25

What is C?

Back 25

The parent material, can attach to bedrock, bigger particles. Less water absorption

Front 26

Hummus

Back 26

Broken down detritus, dark black and mixes with A.

Front 27

Glacial Till

Back 27

The left over particles from glaciers, variable in size. Usually dense.

Front 28

Soil Structure

Back 28

How soil feels, what it is made of

Front 29

Alfisol

Back 29

The oldest type of soil, ideal soil straitification

Front 30

Inceptisol

Back 30

Younger soil

Front 31

Acidity

Back 31

A forest is about a 5P. Rain leeches out acidity

Front 32

Detritus

Back 32

Leaf litter

Front 33

Earthworms

Back 33

Are not native, invasive, and change the soil structure

Front 34

Mycorrhizae

Back 34

Is fungi attached to roots, A and O horizon

Front 35

Fragipan

Back 35

Is made from altered parent material, doesn't absorb water well and is very hard

Front 36

Nitrification

Back 36

Oxidation of Ammonia into nitrites then nitrates

Front 37

Bioaccumulation

Back 37

The buildup if toxic material in an organism. It gets higher with each trophic layer

Front 38

Symbiosis

Back 38

How species interact

Front 39

What causes nitrogen fixation?

Back 39

Legumes, microorganisms, termites, cyanobacteria, diazotrophs

Front 40

Lichens

Back 40

Are composite organims that consist of a symbiotic assoc. of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

Front 41

Taiga

Back 41

A coniferous forest that covers most of Alaska, Russia, Canada, Sweden etc.

Front 42

Ammonification

Back 42

When nitrogen compounds found in wastes are broken down into smaller NH3 by decomposers

Front 43

Denitrification

Back 43

Specialized bacteria in the soil converts NH3 and Nh4 back into nitrite and nitrate ions, then released back into atmosphere

Front 44

Which cycle does not include the atmosphere?

Back 44

The phosphorus cycle

Front 45

Without this it can limit plant growth

Back 45

Phosphorus is a limiting factor

Front 46

Bio concentration or magnification

Back 46

When toxic levels of poison build up in organisms. It gets higher with each trophic level. Some chemicals are fat soluble thus high levels of poison concentrate there

Front 47

Sustainable Yield

Back 47

The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be use indefinitely without depleting its available supply

Front 48

Eukaryotic Cell

Back 48

Is surrounded by a membrane, has a nucleus, and other organelles.

Front 49

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 49

A cell with a membrane but w/out a nucleus and organelles. Bacteria consist of this

Front 50

Negative Feedback

Back 50

one action which results in less than the original source

Front 51

Any system that tends to stable is dominated by ____ feedback and any system which is unstable is dominated by ____feedback

Back 51

Negative, positive

Front 52

Methane is __ times as potent as CO2

Back 52

twenty

Front 53

State the 1st law of thermodynamics

Back 53

You can convert energy from one form to another

Front 54

State the 2nd law

Back 54

It can be converted but every time you do this some of the energy goes off into a form that cannot be used

Front 55

Is the earth opened or closed system?

Back 55

Basically an open system: solar energy in, converted, lower grade energy out.

Front 56

What do the leaves of eastern hemlocks look like?

Back 56

A type of conifer, so needle leaves that come out in little branches

Front 57

What do the leaves of white pine look like?

Back 57

Needles are soft and blue green. Long needles

Front 58

What do the leaves of Sugar maples look like?

Back 58

The leaves have five separated lobes veined, they turn colors in the fall. Notches are rounded toward the base. Wider than red maples

Front 59

What do the leaves of red maples look like?

Back 59

Has three terminal lobes, turns a brilliant red in the fall

Front 60

What do the leaves of bigtoothed or quaking aspens look like?

Back 60

Oval shaped leaves, light green

Front 61

What do the leaves of eastern hemlocks look like?

Back 61

A type of conifer, so needle leaves that come out in little branches

Front 62

What do the leaves of white pine look like?

Back 62

Needles are soft and blue green. Long needles

Front 63

What do the leaves of Sugar maples look like?

Back 63

The leaves have five separated lobes veined, they turn colors in the fall. Notches are rounded toward the base. Wider than red maples

Front 64

What do the leaves of red maples look like?

Back 64

Has three terminal lobes, turns a brilliant red in the fall

Front 65

What do the leaves of bigtoothed or quaking aspens look like?

Back 65

Oval shaped leaves, light green. Yet this shape leaf is a big rounded at the base, toothed.

Front 66

What do the leaves of white ash look like?

Back 66

A stem with three smaller leaves on each side then one sticking out on the end. Veined

Front 67

What do the leaves of sweet birch look like?

Back 67

The wide oval shaped leaves are deeply serated margin

Front 68

What do the leaves of red oak look like?

Back 68

7-9 lobed, with bristled edges, lobes less deeply cut than other oaks

Front 69

What do the leaves of white oak look like?

Back 69

Variably lobed but rounded at the end

Front 70

What do the leaves of American Beech look like?

Back 70

Oblong shaped with teeth on the edges

Front 71

What do the leaves of chestnut oak look like?

Back 71

Oval shaped but get wider toward tip, thin, with combed edges.

Front 72

Symbiosis or mutualism

Back 72

When two species interact and they both benefit

Front 73

Equation for growth rate

Back 73

change in N = rN

Front 74

What do many diseases start from?

Back 74

Many diseases are a predator/prey relationship then turn into a parasitic one because the organism gets more from the host over a longer period of time

Front 75

Flood storage

Back 75

A wetland is in a place like a valley that the soil is permeable to water and holds it. It discharges h2o slowly

Front 76

Groundwater recharge

Back 76

is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface.

Front 77

Sediment Control

Back 77

Sediments that runoff are retained by the wetland

Front 78

Pollution

Back 78

As water slowly percolates through the wetland it gets rid of pollutants, purifying the water

Front 79

Soil of wetland

Back 79

Is gray color because the soil doesnt have oxidized iron in it. The water pushes out oxygen, the anaerobic soil limits which plants can grow there, many have spongy stems

Front 80

The use of phosphorus

Back 80

Dissolved phosphorus is absorbed by plants, eaten by consumers, then detritus feeders. An energy molecule