Env Issues Test 1

Front 1

what is environmental science

Back 1

study of all aspects of the envt, how nature works, how humans interact with nature, how human can solve env problems

Front 2

what is sustainability

Back 2

meeting the needs of the resent in an equitable and fari fashion without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Front 3

ecosystem

Back 3

all the organisms, and their physical and chemical envts

Front 4

biotic

Back 4

living organisms

Front 5

abiotic

Back 5

nonliving elements of the envt

Front 6

ecosystem fcts

Back 6

flow of matter and energy and the processes influencing the distribution

Front 7

ecosystem services

Back 7

things that ecosystems do for humans

Front 8

provisioning

Back 8

services/goods

Front 9

regulating

Back 9

control processes ie absorb pollutants, regulate climate

Front 10

cultural

Back 10

recreational/spiritual benefits

Front 11

supporting

Back 11

basic ecosystem processes ie decomposition, soil formation

Front 12

principles of ecosystem fct

Back 12

matter and energy are conserved, ecosystems are open, processes are self-regulated, ecosystems change

Front 13

negative feedback

Back 13

directional change reverses direction of change-stabilizes systems

Front 14

positive feedback

Back 14

directional change reinforces that change-destabilizes systesm

Front 15

what is science

Back 15

a PROCESS that poses and answers questions objectively to increase knowledge and lessen uncertainty

Front 16

ecology

Back 16

the branch of env science that focuses on the abundance and distribution of organsism in relation to their envt

Front 17

scientific process

Back 17

begins with hypothesis

Front 18

hypothesis

Back 18

alternative answers to a question that can be tested by observation or experimentation

Front 19

hypothesis must be ______

Back 19

falsifiable by observ. or exp.

Front 20

what three branches in US work together for env polic

Back 20

legislative, executive, judicial

Front 21

first major env policies

Back 21

clean air act of 70, clean water act of 72, endangered species act 73

Front 22

stakeholder involvement

Back 22

people with a personal stake in issue tend to do better job

Front 23

types of laws

Back 23

customary, conventional, judicial

Front 24

customary law

Back 24

accepted norms from long-standing precedent ie japan warning US about nuclear power plant destruction

Front 25

conventional law

Back 25

binding treaties among countries ie 1994 convention on nuclear safety

Front 26

judicial law

Back 26

based on international courts

Front 27

united nation

Back 27

54 members, UN development program, UN env program

Front 28

Regional consortia

Back 28

organization of american states, EU w/ 27 member

Front 29

international financial institutions

Back 29

world bank/regional banks, WTO

Front 30

env policy debates have 8 categories

Back 30

govt vs indiv control, competing public values, uncertainty and action, which level of govt decides, govt agency with jurisdiction, protection against selfish actions, best means to an end, political power relationships

Front 31

who taught human-centered view of nautre

Back 31

Aristotle

Front 32

american transcendental movement

Back 32

emerson, whitman, thoreau

Front 33

preservationist view of nature

Back 33

muir and pinchot

Front 34

intrinsic value

Back 34

value simply for existing

Front 35

instrumental value

Back 35

value to be used

Front 36

how many env ethics frameworks?

Back 36

3

Front 37

anthropocentric

Back 37

only humans have intrinsic value

Front 38

biocentric

Back 38

all living things have intrinsic value

Front 39

ecocentric

Back 39

communities and ecosystems have intrinsic value

Front 40

can state regulations violate federal env laws?

Back 40

no

Front 41

animisim

Back 41

belief that living and nonliving objects possess a soul or spirit

Front 42

john muir

Back 42

preservationist: parks and public lands should preserve wild nature in its pristine state

Front 43

gifford pinchot

Back 43

conservationist: view tht public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people

Front 44

utilitarianism

Back 44

example of consequence-based ethics that defines right actions as those that deliver the greatest good to the greatest number of people

Front 45

virtue ethics

Back 45

action is right if motivated by virtues such as kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice

Front 46

subsistence economy

Back 46

society meets its needs from its environment without accumulating wealth

Front 47

market economies

Back 47

production and consumption of goods and services take place in markets guided by prices based on a system of currency

Front 48

free market

Back 48

government stays out of economy

Front 49

GPI

Back 49

genuine progress indicator, GDP plus or minus economic value of enhancements or degradations to the envt

Front 50

protons

Back 50

postitive charge

Front 51

neutrons

Back 51

neutral charge

Front 52

electrons

Back 52

negative charge

Front 53

atoms of a particular element always have the same number of

Back 53

protons

Front 54

isotopes

Back 54

same number of protons, but different number of neutrons/weight/radioactivity

Front 55

covalent bond

Back 55

atoms share electrons

Front 56

nonpolar bonds

Back 56

electrons distributed evenly

Front 57

polar bond

Back 57

electrons distributed unevenly

Front 58

ionic salts

Back 58

atoms donate electrons

Front 59

dipole bonds

Back 59

electrical charge shifts

Front 60

water properties

Back 60

polar, heat causes bonds to weaken, polar=excellent solvent

Front 61

why does ph matter

Back 61

chemical reacitons in environment can only take place at a specific ph, living things can live only in narrow ranges of ph

Front 62

energy

Back 62

capacity to do work

Front 63

potential energy

Back 63

stored energy ie resting

Front 64

kinetic energy

Back 64

energy of motion

Front 65

laws of thermodynamics

Back 65

energy cannot be created or destroyed, law of entropy-energy becomes less usable per each interactions

Front 66

first law of thermodynamics

Back 66

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Front 67

second law of thermo...

Back 67

law of entropy

Front 68

forms of energy

Back 68

electromagnetic, heat, chemical, nuclear

Front 69

electromagnetic radiation

Back 69

light, short wavelength=more energy, long wavelength=less energy

Front 70

heat

Back 70

kinetic energy of molecules, conduction (collisions) convection (circulation due to density) radiation (release of electromagnetic energy) latent heat transfer (evaporation)

Front 71

chemical energy

Back 71

potential energy associated with the breakage of bonds between atoms

Front 72

nuclear energy

Back 72

contained in structure of matter itself

Front 73

energy units

Back 73

joule. calorie, watt-hour/kilowatt-hour

Front 74

population

Back 74

group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area

Front 75

growth rate

Back 75

birth+immigration - death+immigration

Front 76

exponential population growth

Back 76

growth accelerates with each generation

Front 77

survivorship

Back 77

probability of an organism dying withing a particular time interval

Front 78

type 1 survivorship

Back 78

risk of death highest when old

Front 79

type 2 survivorship

Back 79

risk of death same at all ages

Front 80

type 3 survivorship

Back 80

risk of death highest when young

Front 81

fertility rate

Back 81

rate of reproduction

Front 82

total fertility rate

Back 82

potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce

Front 83

generation time

Back 83

difference in age between mothers and offspring

Front 84

logistic growth curve

Back 84

carrying capacity-when curve flatlines

Front 85

what are population sizes limited by

Back 85

temp, chemicals, resources, ph

Front 86

mechanisms of natural selection

Back 86

individuals within populations vary genetically and this variability is heritable, biotic and abiotic components of an organisms envt act as selection pressures, individuals that are best suited to these selection pressures leave the most offspring

Front 87

stabilizing selection

Back 87

removes all extreme characteristics
finch, soapberry bug

Front 88

directional selection

Back 88

removes one extreme characteristic
moderate human birth rate

Front 89

disruptive selection

Back 89

removes moderate characteristics
metal-tolerant plants

Front 90

four types of evolutionary measures

Back 90

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

Front 91

mutation

Back 91

random changes in DNA

Front 92

genetic drift

Back 92

chance event changes frequency of trait, occurs in small/isolated populations

Front 93

gene flow

Back 93

transfer of genes from one population to another

Front 94

layers of atmosphere from top to bottom

Back 94

thermosphere, mesosphere, ozone layer, stratosphere, troposphere

Front 95

layers of atmosphere from bottom to top

Back 95

troposphere, stratosphere, ozone layer, mesosphere, thermosphere

Front 96

earths atmospheric composition

Back 96

78% nitrogen 21% oxygen .039% CO2

Front 97

dew point

Back 97

temperature in which relative humidity is 100%

Front 98

energy budget

Back 98

energy entering and leaving earth,

Front 99

coriolis effect

Back 99

change in wind direction due to Earths rotation