Env 201 Part 2

Front 1

What percentage of Earth's water is freshwater?

Back 1

3%

Front 2

Around what fraction of freshwater is trapped in glaciers and permanent snow?

Back 2

2/3

Front 3

Global annual water use:

Back 3

3,800 cubic kilometers/year

Front 4

If only 10% of resources are used, then what drives water scarcity?

Back 4

Regional and temporal controls on water availability

Front 5

What is the depth of evaporation over the oceans?

Back 5

47 in.

Front 6

What percent of water taken up by plants is transpired?

Back 6

99%

Front 7

What portion of the leaf allows for the transpiration of water to occur?

Back 7

The stomata

Front 8

What will happen as Co2 concentrations increase?

Back 8

Plants will take in less water, so more will be available.

Front 9

What percent of human body weight is water?

Back 9

70%

Front 10

What are the 2 major shifts that have taken place in the nitrogen cycle?

Back 10

1) Addition of N for food production
2) Removal of N from organic “unavailable” pool

Front 11

what fraction of protein in human diets is from synthetically produced nitrogen?

Back 11

Approximately 1/3 of all protein in human diets is from synthetic fertilizers

Front 12

How does water become hypoxic?

Back 12

Algae die, sink to bottom of ocean column and are decomposed, which consumes oxygen... and makes water hypoxic.

Front 13

Name 3 solutions to the nitrogen-fixing problem:

Back 13

Genetic: N-fixing genes into world grains (no progress yet)
Cultural: Transition to vegetarian diets (trend is in opposite direction)
Agricultural: Increase fertilizer efficiency (50% losses now)

Front 14

What are some of the issues that tropospheric ozone causes?

Back 14

asthma, respiratory infections, lung inflammation

Front 15

What did the clean air act do?

Back 15

1995 - Targeted SO2 reductions via a market based
allowance system (cap & trade). Ramped up in 2000 to strict allowances
2003 - Regional cap and trade established for NOx emissions.
2005 - Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), 70% SO2 reductions and 60% NOx reductions from 2003 levels by 2015.

Front 16

What percent of energy is transferred at each trophic level?

Back 16

~10%

Front 17

What is the efficiency of a coal plant?

Back 17

35-40%

Front 18

Surface mining accounts for what percent of total coal extraction?

Back 18

40%

Front 19

How many new coal plants will china build in the next decade and at about the rate of how many per week?

Back 19

500 (about 1 per week)

Front 20

What did Marion Hubbert first propose?

Back 20

The concept of peak oil

Front 21

What are the characteristics of tar sands?

Back 21

Very viscous, must be heated in order to induce flow

Front 22

Advantages and disadvantages of natural gas.

Back 22

Adv:
Clean, readily transported in pipelines, little processing, fewer Co2 emissions.
Disadv:
-CH4 leaks are an huge issue- 20% stronger greenhouse effect than Co2.
-Hard to use in mobile power plants.

Front 23

What is the main challenge of climate stabilisation?

Back 23

Challenge: Reduce Carbon Emissions while Growing global economy

Front 24

A climate stabilisation plan, if started now, would require having how many tons fewer of carbon emissions each year?

Back 24

1 billion.

Front 25

How many tons of Co2 in a wedge?

Back 25

1 billion

Front 26

Building 700 natural gas plants instead of coal is how many wedges?

Back 26

1/2

Front 27

potential wedges:

Back 27

2 billion cars from 30mpg to 60mpg
2 billion cars driven 5,000 instead of 10,000 miles
Reduce energy use in residential/ commercial buildings by 25%
Raise efficiency of 1,600 coal-fired power plants from 40% to 60%
Replace 1,400 large coal-fired with natural gas
Install CCS at 800 large coal-fired power plants
Use CCS at coal plants that produce hydrogen (for 1.5 billion vehicles)
Use CCS at coal plants that produce syngas which replaces 1/3 of oil production
2,000,000,000 cars on ethanol (1/6 of global cropland)
Increase wind power 80x for hydrogen production (for vehicles)
Increase solar power 700x for power generation
Increase wind power 40x for power generation
Double nuclear power output

Front 28

To hold gobal emissions flat OECD must do what?

Back 28

decrease emissions, and let non-OECD countries emit more as they develop.

Front 29

To achieve CO2 stability in 2050, US CO2 output must drop by ___%

Back 29

75%

Front 30

Per capita US emissions must drop from _x global average to _x

Back 30

5,2

Front 31

What therapies have been shown to reduce mortality in MI?

Back 31

(1) ASA,
(2) Beta-blockers;
(3) ACE-I

Front 32

Diastolic dysfunction

Back 32

Caused by impaired ventricular filling during diastole (either impaired relaxation of increased stiffness or both); Echo shows impaired relaxation of LV. Causes include
(1) HTN leading to myocardial hypertrophy (MCC),
(2) Valvular disease such as Aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and aortic regurgitation,
(3) Restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloid, sarcoid, hemochromatosis)

Front 33

Consumptive uses:

Back 33

Consumptive uses Degrade resource Quality

Front 34

Consumptive water uses:

Back 34

Agriculture, pollution, human use, animal use

Front 35

Non-consumptive water use-

Back 35

Power plant cooling

Front 36

Another non-consumptive water use-

Back 36

water treated and returned to streams,

Front 37

Most uses of water do not have what?

Back 37

a subsitute

Front 38

Options for managing water scarcity:

Back 38

Transfer water to more economical uses, Transfer water demand to areas with increased water availability, Exploit higher priced water resources,

Front 39

Ventricular tachycardia

Back 39

(1) Rapid and repetitive firing of 3 or more PVCs in a row, at a rate of between 100 and 250bpm;

(2) AV dissociation is present, i.e., sinus P waves continue with their cycle, unaffected by the tachycardia;

(3) Originates below Bundle of His;

(4) Sustained VT lasts longer than 30 seconds and is almost always symptomatic - associated with hypotension and/or myocardial ischemia; can progress to VFib without treatment

Front 40

Of the water that plants have access to, how much do they actually use?

Back 40

Water actually used by plants: 10-30%

Front 41

Virtual water trade:

Back 41

Water content of foods grown in one region and shipped elsewhere

Front 42

What is ImPAT?

Back 42

I=P×A×T (Impact × Population × Affluence (consumption) × Technology (efficiency))

Front 43

Who developed ImPAT and when?

Back 43

Developed in early 70s... Paul Ehrlich, John Holdren

Front 44

What is ImPACT?

Back 44

I(m) = P × A × C × T
Emissions =
Population*GDP/capita*Energy/GDP*Emissions/Energy

Front 45

How does ImPACT differ from IPAT?

Back 45

Separates affluence (GDP/capita) from intensity of use (Energy/GDP).

Front 46

Individual footprint=

Back 46

Affluence x Intensity x Efficiency = Individual Footprint

Front 47

The only scenario where current biofuels reduce GHG is

Back 47

via increased food prices and depressed global food consumption...

Front 48

Energy Production comprises __% of freshwater withdrawals in the US

Back 48

40%

Front 49

Components of biodiversity:

Back 49

• Genes • Species • Ecosystems

Front 50

Species

Back 50

• A group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from all other kinds of organisms (traditional biological definition)

Front 51

Why do we care about biodiversity?

Back 51

• Practical considerations
– Goods provided by nature
– Services provided by nature (“ecosystem services”)
• Ethical considerations • Accelerating rate of loss

Front 52

How Many Species Are There?

Back 52

• No one knows.
• ~1.8 million species described to date.
• Insects, mites, fungi, protists, and bacteria are especially understudied.
• Forest canopy and sea floor are terra incognita.

Front 53

What is the Peter Raven extrapolation method:

Back 53

• Peter Raven: for well-studied groups (birds, flowering plants), 2 tropical species for every temperate species.
• 2 unnamed tropical insect species for each named temperate insect species.
•  3-5 million species

Front 54

Problems with Extrapolation:

Back 54

(1). 2:1 Ratio: If it works for birds, should we assume it also work for beetles?
(2). How well do we really know any fauna or flora—even in countries like the USA?

Front 55

Around what percent of birds have perished since 1500?

Back 55

• 128 species + 22 have vanished since 1500

Front 56

Tropical forests Contain at least __% of all known species (could be much higher percentage).

Back 56

50

Front 57

Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy

Back 57

(1) Symptoms and signs of left and right-sided heart CHF develop;

(2) S3 and S4, as well as murmurs of mitral or tricuspid insufficiency may be present

Front 58

Drivers of extinction:

Back 58

• Habitat destruction and degradation • Pollution (tied to habitat destruction) • Invasive, alien species • Overharvest • Disease (tied to alien species) • Climate change (tied to pollution)

Front 59

Global Climate Change effects biodiversity through:

Back 59

• Range shifts
• Elevation shifts
• New diseases, parasites
• Changes in precipitation
• Changes in natural disturbance cycles (fires, floods, droughts)
• Secondary extinctions (e.g., plant- pollinator)

Front 60

what percent of flowering plants require animal-mediated pollination?

Back 60

• 60-70% of all flowering plant species require it.

Front 61

Keystone Species

Back 61

• Comprise only a small part of the biomass of an ecosystem yet are crucial for that ecosystem’s functioning.
• Other species depend upon them.

Front 62

Classification of Ecosystem Services

Back 62

Supporting
nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production, etc.
Provisioning
food, fresh water, wood, fuel, etc.
Regulating
climate, floods, diseases, water purification, etc.
Cultural
aesthetic, spiritual, educational, recreational, etc.