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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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basic definition of an insect
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external skeleton
3 distinct body regions 3 pairs legs on 3 thoracic segments 1 pair sensory antennae 1 pair compound eyes 1-2 pair wings |
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contributions of insects to community structure
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nutrient cycling
vegetation structure (pollination, seed dispersal) |
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contributions of insects to population dynamics
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predators & parasites
disease transmission |
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contributions of insects to food webs
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food for other animals (eg salmon)
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pos and neg influences of anthropods on agriculture:
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negative:
competition for food/fiber positive: biocontrol, pollination |
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pos and neg influences of anthropods on medicine:
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neg:
parasites & diseases pos: antibiotics, chronic disease treatment, maggot debridement |
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why are insects so diverse
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relative size (more niches)
short generation (rapid evol) holometabolism (specialization) powered flight |
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prolegs
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the fake legs on the abdomen of caterpillars
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insect cuticle function
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physical protection
color & texture display contains internal organs attachment/anchor for the muscle --> movement base for sensory organs water retention |
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qualities of chitin
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chitin= polycaccharide found
in the cuticle. strength flexibility resiliance light weight |
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sources of color in insects
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incidental
pigments physical |
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define: teneral
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The stage of maturity after the last molt, when an insect has taken the adult form, but has not matured enough to be able to reproduce; occurs before tans and pigment are deposited
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define: callow
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immature; occurs before tans and pigment are deposited
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why are insect wings thought to be an indication of a single origin
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identical veination patterns
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lessons from Burgess Shale
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ancient nature of arthopods
relatively sudden appearance early high/subphylum level diversity later diversity at spp level extinction is an essnetial part of evolution much of evolution is by chance |
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define tagmosis
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process of grouping segments; tagma= group of segments
segments allow insects to move in a certain way |
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cuticle extentions
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multicellular spine
seta (hair) acanthae (single cell spines) microtrichia |
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types of movement in larvae
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sinuous motion- lateral muscular waves, some primitive fly larvae
undulatory movement- anterior + posterior waves, moth & butterfly caterpillars whiplike- posterior + anterior waves, used w/ turgor muscles, inch worms |
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types of movement in adults
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walking- leg strokes
jumping- aided by cuticular flexion swimming- aided by hairs, special appendages flying- aided by cuticular flexion at wing base & whole thorax |
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main points of the circulatory system
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blood (=haemolymph)
generally not pressurized does not distribute oxygen heart (aorta) is dorsal |
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trehalose
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energy rich disaccharide characteristic of insect blood
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haemolymph functions
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chemical exchange
nutrient distribution waste removal hormone transport pressure changes thermoregulation h2o reserve defense |
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major function and location of
plasmatocytes granulocytes prohaemocytes |
functions:
encapsulation coagulation storage & distribution of nutrients Location: throughout hoemocoel |
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major function and location of
cystocytes |
function:
coagulation (clotting of the blood) location:throughout hoemocoel |
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major function and location of
nephrocytes |
function:
haemolymph filtering metabolize wastes for excretion location:localized, near dorsal vessel |
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major function and location of
oenocytes |
function:
lipid synthesis (haemoglobin systhesis= rare) location:localized, fat body, epidermis |
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origin on haemocytes
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embryonic mesoderm, singular generation
no blood making organs in adult insects |
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main points: tracheal system
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oxygenation by passive diffusion
spiracles-> trachea-> tracheoles insect size is partially determined by limits due to diffusion |
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modifications of the cuticle to allow for aquatic respiration
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sublytral space (physically traps a temp air supply)
plastron (gill in the integument) |
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gills
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closed system
thin membrane allowing diffusion of O2 |
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digestion
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mouthparts-> esophagus-> crop-> proventrichulus-> midgut-> gastric cecae-> hindgut-> rectum
adaptations depend on food eaten salivary glands aid ingestion/digestion adaptations incl filter chamber, symbiotic microorganisms |
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excretion
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driven by nitrogenous waste elimination & water conservation
waste elimination relies on active ion transport & osmosis malpignian tubules and rectum uric acid |
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fat body
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a diffuse organ with multiple functions
Carbohydrate & lipid metabolism Storage of glycogen, fat, & protein Synthesis of blod proteins Regulation of blood sugars |
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endocrine system
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major hormone centers:
brain corpora allata corpora cardiaca prothoracic gand can be used as pesticides |
