Entomology Midterm 2 Lecture Card

Front 1

spiracles

Back 1

external openings, present on meso, metathorax. Never prothorax! Also on abdomen segments 1-8

Front 2

trachea

Back 2

series of airfilled tubes unique to insects, SEPERATE FROM CIRCULATORY system. extensively branched

Front 3

tracheal trunks

Back 3

longitdinal tubes connected to main trachea from spiracles

Front 4

tracheole

Back 4

smallest < then one micron. tips of tracheole filled with fluid at rest and air during activity

Front 5

passive ventilation

Back 5

smaller insects. based on simple diffusion. controlled by spiracles

Front 6

active

Back 6

large insects force air through tracheole system. controlled by hemolymph fluid and muscles. tracheal sacs can increase tidal air flow.

Front 7

open ventilation systems

Back 7

cockroach have lateral trunks. Honey bee has air sac. Mosquito larva, siphon

Front 8

closed

Back 8

small dipteran, hymenopteran larva, and collembala, cutaneus gas exchange. mayfly nymph (ephemoptera) has external gills.. Dragonfly(anisoptera) have internal gills.

Front 9

subelytral space

Back 9

physically traps temp air supply. Acts similarly to plastron which uses hydrophobic hair to trap air bubbles

Front 10

circulatory and immune system

Back 10

open circulatory systems that bathe organs in hemolymph=blood(90% water 10% plasma). aorta forms multichambered circulatory organ system.

Front 11

phytophagous

Back 11

insect that feeds on plant

Front 12

zoophagous

Back 12

insects that feed on other animals(invertabrate and vertebratees.

Front 13

saprophagous

Back 13

live on non-living organic matter

Front 14

maltase

Back 14

converts maltose(starch? ) into simple sugars.

Front 15

peptidases

Back 15

hyrdolyzes peptides into amino acids

Front 16

lipases

Back 16

breaks down fats

Front 17

protease

Back 17

an enyzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides

Front 18

amylase

Back 18

helps break down carbohydrates

Front 19

phenylalanine

Back 19

most important amino acid(essential for larval growth

Front 20

fat soluble vitatmins, ex

Back 20

vitamin a for vision

Front 21

water soluble vitamins

Back 21

ascorbic acid and b complex

Front 22

sterols

Back 22

derived from plants and used to make ecdysteroids

Front 23

sinuous motion

Back 23

lateral muscular waves, some fly larva

Front 24

undulatory motion

Back 24

anterior and posterior waves. typical of moth and caterpillar

Front 25

whiplike

Back 25

posterior and anterior waves used by caterpillars and inch worms

Front 26

direct flight muscles

Back 26

attached directly to thoracic segments. other end attaches to wing near joint. results in slow beats

Front 27

indirect flight muscles

Back 27

muscles act on thorax and distort it. this acts on the wings and cause it to flap up and down.

Front 28

protocerebrum - ganglia

Back 28

first set of ganglia at anterior . responsible for vision processing hence largest

Front 29

deutocerebrum

Back 29

second pair of ganglia processes antennae info

Front 30

tritocerebrum

Back 30

controls sensory input from proto and deuot cerebrums while also connecting rest of ventral nerves. these 3 total are the brain

Front 31

subesophageal ganglia

Back 31

innervate mandibles, maxilla, and mandibles, neck muscles

Front 32

thoracic ganglia

Back 32

someitmes fused used to control locomotion(wings legs)

Front 33

abdominal ganglia

Back 33

used to control abdominal muscles

Front 34

mechanoreceptors

Back 34

detect movement, vibrations or other disturbances. tactile receptors, sound receptors. trichoid- hair like. campinform(dome-like). placoid(plate like

Front 35

propiorreceptors

Back 35

provide information regarding position of insect body parts to one another

Front 36

chordotonal sensilla

Back 36

when one or more bipolar neurons bridge a gap between 2 internal surfaces of the exoskeleton used for sound

Front 37

chemoreceptors

Back 37

detects chemical substances in air(olfaction) and taste (gustation). ex taste buds on pals and antenna sensilla. looks similar to trichoid receptors but have many more nerve cells. the taste receptors look similar to trichoid cells but have an opening and more nerve cells

Front 38

johnstons organs

Back 38

found in pedicel of antenna. sometime propioreceptors (relation to body) and sometimes as sound receptors like in mosquitos.

Front 39

tympanal organs

Back 39

a type of chordotanal organ create the drum like membrane that can be found on abdomen, thorax, or front leg

Front 40

phasic response

Back 40

a mechanoreceptor that fire when activated andagain when sensory stimulus goes away

Front 41

tonic response

Back 41

mechanoreceptor that fires constantly as stimulus is present

Front 42

compound eye

Back 42

present in most adult insects, perceive light movement, forms complex images. collection of units call ommatidia.

Front 43

stridulatory sounds

Back 43

a frictional noise made by crickets

Front 44

vibrating mechanisms

Back 44

cicades vibrate drum like body part

Front 45

air movemnt

Back 45

hissing in cockroach

Front 46

brood pheromone

Back 46

encourages foraging.

Front 47

Thanatosis

Back 47

type of insect defense. playing dead like comatosis

Front 48

other defenses

Back 48

bristles, hairs, exoskeleton, speed, agility

Front 49

autotomy

Back 49

when insect purposely sacrifices a limb to survive

Front 50

chemical defenses

Back 50

-repellants(bad odours), sticky substances, venom or toxins(from urticating hairs or stingers)

Front 51

crypsis protective colouration

Back 51

blending in with the backround. think camoflauge. changing outline of body. hiding reflective surfaces and moving slowly

Front 52

memesis-

Back 52

resembling other natural objects

Front 53

warning colours

Back 53

displaying colours that send out a message that an unpleasant outcome will occur if interaction with the predator occurs

Front 54

mimicry

Back 54

batesian mimicry. taking the appearance of another insect.