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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kingdom are the arthropods in?
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animalia
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What taxonomic level is Arthropoda?
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Phylum
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What are the 5 subphyla in the phylum Arthropoda?
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Trilobitomorpha (trilobites)
Chelicerata (spiders, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs) Myriapoda (centipedes & millipedes) Hexapoda (insects & primitive relatives) Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, isopods, crayfish, etc) |
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Taxonomist who defined species as a reproductively isolated population?
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Ernst Mayr
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What taxonomic level is Hexapoda (6 feet)?
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Subphylum... including class Insecta and their more primitive wingless counterparts with retracted mouthparts, the Entognathates. (Sp?)
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What taxonomic level is Arachnida?
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Class
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What taxonomic level is Crustacea?
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subphylum
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What taxonomic level is Diplopoda?
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Class, the millipedes (from subphulum Myriapoda)
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What taxonomic level is Chilopoda?
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class, the centipedes (from subphylum Myriapoda)
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What taxonomic level is Pycnogonida?
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Class, the sea spiders
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What subphylum contains the following?
Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, etc. Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs, etc. Pycnogonida – sea spiders Eurypterida – sea scorpions |
Chelicerata
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What taxonomic level is Chelicerata?
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Subphylum
Includes Arachnids, Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs), etc. |
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the shell of a horseshe crab is called...
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carapice
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arachnid with tail formed from last 6 body segments which bears venom, pedipalps are modified for prey grasping (pinchers)
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scorpions
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name the body regions o a spider.
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cephalothorax and abdomen (with narrow "waist"
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name a spiders appendages
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4 pair walking legs
1 pair pedipalps 1 pair chelicerae (jaws) |
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the posterior silk spiining organs on a spider?
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spinnerets
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name body regions of a mite.
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one body region, no waist
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name the appendages on a mite
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4 pairs of legs
1 pair pedipalps a pair chelicerae, usually highly modified ps- no eyes! |
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mite habitat?
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terrestrial and aquatic including unusual habitats, many are ectoparasites.
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tick anatomy?
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one body region (tagma), no waist
4 pairs of legs 1 pair pedipalps modified for blood sucking a pair chelicerae, modified for blood sucking ps- no eyes! |
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tick habit & habitat?
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wait in terrestrial habitat for warm blooded host.
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anatomy of daddy-longlegs aka harvestmen?
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a chelicerate
one body region (tagma), no waist abdominal segmentation apparent 4 pair long skinny legs, other appendages small. |
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habit & habitat of daddy-longlegs aka harvestmen?
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terrestrial scavengers
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pseudoscorpion anatomy?
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small: <1mm
1 body region 4 pairs legs pedipalps modified into pincers |
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pseudoscorpion habit & habitat?
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prey on leaf litter organisms
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habit and habitat of wind scorpions and whip scorpions (distinct groups)?
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large predators in arid environments and/or tropics
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what group are centipedes and millipedes in?
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Myriapoda
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Mayriapoda:
how many.... legs? antennae? wings? |
>9 pairs of legs
1 pair antennae no wings |
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word that describes the unbranched legs of insects
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uniramous
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crustacea: how many antennae and body regions?
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2 pair antennae
2 body region |
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terrestrial, dorso-ventrally flattened scavenging crustaceans?
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Isopods. aka pillbugs
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the 3 types of aquatic crustaceans we see in Wisconsin?
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1. Crayfish (omnivores)
2. Amphipods (scavengers...such as gammaris) 3. plankton (several groups, abundant and diverse) |
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2 main categories of insects?
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Apterygota (wingless, primitive)
and Pterygota (winged) |
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MAin differences between Pterygotes and apterygotes?
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Apterygotes don't metamorphose (ametabolous) and are wingless
Pterygotes are more derived. |
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Insects that never evolved a mechanism to fold their wings under their bodies are called...?
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Paleoptera
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Paleoptera include what orders?
How do these orders metabolize? |
Odonata (dragonflies)
Ephemeroptera (mayflies) many extinct orders. They are hemi and heterometabolous (adults live in separate environment than nymphs) . |
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What is it called when the adult lives in a separate environment than the nymph?
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heterometabolous
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nymphs are present with what kind of metabolism?
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Hemimetabolism- nymphs look like adults, simple metamorphosis
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insects with complete metamorphosis from egg to larvae to pupa to adult are called....?
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holometabolous
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What is the biological species concept and to whom is it attributed?
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A biologoical species is reproductively isolated. -Ernst Mayr
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Who is the father of biological taxonomy?
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Carl Linnaeus
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What characterizes arthropods?
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compound eyes,
segmented body, tagmosis, jointed limbs, paired appendages and usually a chitinous exoskeleton that undergoes moltings. |
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what portion of animal are insects?
arthropods? |
2/3 insects
3/4 arthropds a lot! |
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Each official species discovered is represented by a ...?
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type specimen
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what are the millipedes called (scientific)?
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Diplopoda (double feet)
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What are the centipedes called (scientific)?
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Chilopoda (lip feet...whatever)
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What are the insects called (scientific)?
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hexapoda (6 feet)
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what are the seas spiders called (scientific)?
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Pycnogonia (thick nuts)
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What are the horseshoe crabs called (scientific?)
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xiphosura (greek: sword security)
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What are spiders called (scientific)?
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Araneida
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What are mites and tics called (scientific)?
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acari
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What is the word for the characteristic of having body sections (not segments)?
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tagmosis
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well-known fossil group of extinct marine arthropods?
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trilobita
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Mouthparts : which kind is employed by the mosquito?
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piercing-sucking (haustellate)
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Mouthparts: which kind is the ancestral form emplyed by coleoptera, hymenoptera, odonata, etc.?
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Mandibulate (chewing)
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Mouthparts: which kind is employed by Lepidopterans (moths, butterflies)?
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Sucking/siphoning (haustellate)
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Mouthparts: which kind is characteristic of most Diptera?
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sucking: lapping/sponging (haustellate= sucking)
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combination of mouthparts found in nectar feeding hymenopteans?
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chewing-lapping
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combination of mouthparts found in thrips?
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rasping-sucking
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Leg types: walking?
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ambulatory
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Leg types: running?
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cursorial
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Leg adaptations:digging? example?
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Fossorial
eg. mole crickets. |
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Leg adaptations:digging? example?
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Fossorial
eg. mole crickets. |
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Leg adaptations:swimming? example?
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natatorial
eg. waterbeetles, backswimmers |
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Leg adaptations: prey catching? example?
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Raptatorial
eg: praying mantis, giant water bug |
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The insect leg from hip to foot.
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hip: coxa
hip joint: trochanter thigh: femur Shin: tibia Foot: tarsus |
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Wings that are partly hardened (as in true bugs)
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hemelytra
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Leg adaptations: prey catching? example?
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Raptatorial
eg: praying mantis, giant water bug |
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leathery forewings, as in grasshoppers, earwigs
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tegmina
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the modified gyroscopic hindwings found in Diptera
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halteres
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Lepidopteran (butterfly/moth) wings are characterized by _____.
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scales (for signal coloration)
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coupling for forewings and hindwings found in Lepidoptera ( butterflies/moths)?
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juga
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coupling for forewings and hindwings found in Hymenoptera (bees, ants)
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hamules
(H and H) |
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hymenoptera: common name, greek meaning
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bees, wasps, ants
greek: membranous wing |
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3 ways insects get oxygen from water.
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Gills
plastron cuticular respiration |
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The thin permanent layer of air around the body of some aquatic insects, held in place by hydrophobic hairs that acts as a physical gill?
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plastron
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2 ways insects harvest surface oxygen while submerged?
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breathing tube
ventral air bubble |
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Underwater, insects have made adaptations to extract oxygen from surface air, water and _____.
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plant stems!
(Lepidoptera and Diptera) |
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Underwater behavioral adaptations that Gathman mentioned.
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gill waving (Ephemeroptera larvae)
Case building (Diptera and Trichoptera Larvae) |
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3 morphological adaptations to water current?
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body flattening
suckers and adhesive devices streamlining |
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3 behavioral adaptations to water current?
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Retreat building
current avoidance (retreat deeper) drifting (avoids predators and competition) |
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2 ways to adapt to sediment deposition?
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Keep it off or live with it.
Long hairs keep sediments off body. Enhanced oxygen uptake allows organisms to live with sediments. |
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How do caddisfly larvae mitigate salt uptake?
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chloride epithelium takes up excess salt for use
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3 predator avoidance strategies mentioned?
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camouflage
chemical protection physical protection (stingers) |
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Insect anatomy:
legs: cranial to caudal |
forelegs
middle legs hindlegs |
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Insect anatomy:
thorax segments: cranial to caudal |
prothorax
mesothorax metathorax |
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Insect anatomy:
legs: cranial to caudalTo what are insect wings attached? |
mesothorax
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Insect anatomy:
cheek? |
gena
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Insect anatomy:
the ventral, forked appendage on the abdomen of a springtail that the insect uses in springing itself into the air |
Furcula
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Insect anatomy:
The springtail's water siphon? |
collophore
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Insect anatomy:
insects' mini eyes? |
Ocellus (Pl: ocelli)
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Insect anatomy:
a grasshoppers face front, mid-face segment, upper lip, lower lip? |
Front (front)
Clypeus (shield) Labrum (lip) Labium |
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Insect anatomy:
the top of an insect's head? The back of the head? |
vertex
Occiput |
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Insect anatomy:
paired head appendages, anterior to posterior. |
(*sometimes labal palps 1st)
Mandibles Maxillae (food manipulation) Palps (feelers) |
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Insect anatomy:
tongue? |
hypopharynx
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Insect anatomy:
what is the structure that gives the head internal support? |
tentorium
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Insect anatomy:
What are the weak exoskeletal points that split during molts? |
Ecdysial lines
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Insect anatomy:
dorsal side of abdominal segments? ventral side? |
dorsal: terga
Ventral: sterna (like strenum) |
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Insect anatomy:
breathing holes? |
spiracles
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the ear drum of a grasshopper?
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tympanum
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the tactile organ on the posterior of a grasshopper's abdomen?
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cercus
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anatomy:
little plate on the end of a grasshopper's butt. |
sub-genital plate
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Insect anatomy:
The dorsal sclerite of the prothorax of an insect is called...? |
pronotum
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wing anatomy:
a notch in the front edge of some wings (Odonata) |
nodus
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wing anatomy:
A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects? |
pterostigma
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Insect anatomy:
wing regions anterior to posterior |
Costal
Radial Medial Cubital Anal |
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what are the 2 pairs of wings?
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forewings and hindwings
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What are the 2 kinds of eyes?
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compound eyes and ocelli
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What kind of mouthparts do true bugs have?
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rostrum (pl:rostra) aka proboscis (pl: probosces)
Haustellate (piercing/sucking) |
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arm-like mouth-part, protrudes from mouth to grab food.
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grasping labrum
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specialized body of the "twisted wing parasite?
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females lack wings and legs, parasitize wasps
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what's unique about the bodies of scale insects?
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female adult secretes a coating for egg laying
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How are fleas bodies sometimes specialized?
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ventrally or dorso-laterally flattened
**fleas are derived from diptera! |
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on dragonflies the meso and metathorax are fused into
______. |
the pterothorax.
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6 functions carried out by the insect digestive tract:
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1. ingestion
2. matication & lubrication (chewing) 3. secretion & digestion 4. absorption 5. elimination (poop, egestion) 6. Excretion & water balance (pee) |
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what are the three digestive system regions and what are they lined with?
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Foregut: epidermal lining
Midgut: endodermal lining (for absorption) Hindgut: epidermal lining |
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the excetory and osmoregulatory system that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph
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malpighian tubules
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what are malpighian tubules?
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an excetory and osmoregulatory system that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph
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parts of foregut, listed anterior to posterior.
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cibarium (ingests, chews)
True mouth (opening to digestive tract) pharynx esophagus proventriculus (gizzard: grinding) crop (storage) salivary glands (enzyme and toxin production) |
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parts of midgut, listed anterior to posterior.
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gastric caecae (increase surface area for better absorption of plant matter)
ventriculus (stomach: enzymes, digestion, absorption) |
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parts of hindgut, listed anterior to posterior.
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Malpighian tubules
intestine (water + ion conservation, along with MT's) rectum (egestion) anus (just the sphincter) |
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What is digestion?
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(not absorption.)
converting food into a substance suitable for absorption. |
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function of cibarium?
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ingestion, chewing
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how does the pharynx function?
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a pump from the mouth to the esophagus
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what is the function of the proventriculus?
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gizzard-like, for grinding or filtering
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what is the function of the crop?
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storage
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What do gastric cecae do?
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they increase surface area for gradual digestion & absorption of hard to break down plant matter (cows have a cecum too)
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What is the ventriculus?
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synonymous to the stomach; digests and absorbs nutrients
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main functions of the 3 gut regions?
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foregut: pretreatment
mid: enzyme secretion and absorption Hind:excretion, elimination and salt resorption |
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termites and wood eating insects require____.
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symbiotic bacteria
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What is the excretory system and what is the nitrogenous waste excreted?
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Malpighian tubules
Uric acid |
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Insects have a _______circulatory. Their ____ flows through their _________.
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Open
hemolymph hemocoel |
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hemolymph, differs from blood in that....
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it is not used in gas transport
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What circulatory organs do insects have?
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dorsal heart with ostia (openings)
anterior aorta |
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wings "veins" are...
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tracheids for air, not hemolymph!
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3 main components of the respiratory system?
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spiracles (holes in abdomen)
Tracheae (large tubes) and tracheoles (small and fluid filled tubes) *All lined with cuticle |
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organ that stores sperm for later use?
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spermatheca
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insect ovaries consist of many...?
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ovarioles.
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what are the 4 regions of the insect nervous system (anterior to posterior)?
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brain
subesophageal ganglia thoracic ganglia abdominal ganglia *all ventrally located!!* |
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three layers of the integument (proximal to distal)?
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basement layer (thin, acellular)
epidermis (single layer of cells) cuticle (thick, acellular, multi-layered) |
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characteristics of insect cuticle?
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thick, chitinous, acellular, multi-layered
hard parts are sclerotized (cross linked proteins called "sclerins") -cuticle is secreted by epidermal cells |
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describe the three layers of the insect cuticle.
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endocuticle:innermost, flexible, water permeable, chitin/protein compostion
Exocuticle: thick middle layersclerotized, water permeable epicuticle: thin waxy- water impermeabe coating covered with Cement |
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What secretes dermal tissues and proteins as well as molting enzymes? (all the way to epicuticle)
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dermal gland (through pore canal aka gland pore)
(multi celled exorcine glands) |
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difference between spines and spurs of integument?
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spine: rigid, fixed
spur: rigid, but movable (kind of like the one's on cowboy boots) :) |
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How many segments to the insect head?
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6!
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What are joints and fusion lines between sclerites called?
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sutures
(*their flexibility can allow for abdominal telescoping) |
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what are internal ridges good for?
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muscle attachment
wing attachment exoskeletal strength and structure |
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articulation point of a leg?
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condyles (=fulcrums)
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Monocondylic joints move along __ plane(s).
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multiple
eg: tibia-tarsus joint (knee) |
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Dicondylic joints move along __ plane(s).
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1
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antagonistic muscles attached to any joint are called _____ & ______ muscles.
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flexor & extensor
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2 possible types of coloration in an insect?
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pigmented metabolites
structural color (micro-structure reflects light) |
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What is the pleura of an insect?
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the lateral sclerite of thoracic segment of an insect between the tergum and the sternum, flexible in the abdomen, but rigid and infolded for muscle attachment in the thorax.
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a dorsal plate or sclerite of the thorax of an insect is called...?
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the notum
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veins in wings are____ for rigidity.
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sclerotized.
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describe the 2 types of flight.
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Direct: use extensor and flexor muscles attached to wings. Less effective, primitive.
Indirect: dorso-ventral muscles pull dorsal sclerite down raising wings. thoracic longitudinal muscles raise nota, lowering the wings. |
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3 adaptations to four winged inefficient flight?
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-2 winged flight: differentiated second pair
-asynchronous wing beats -coupling of forewings and hindwings (hamules, juga) |
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7 steps in molting.
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1. apolysis (space created between cuticle and epidermis) which is then filled with moulting gel.
2. New epicuticle produced 3, procuticle deposition (really pro- ectocuticle) 4. Ecdysis (crawl out of exoskeleton) 5, expansion 6. darkening and hardening 7. endocuticle deposition |
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what is ontogeny?
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the sequence of development stages
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What are the 2 types of wingbeats?
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normal and fibrillar
Fibrillar: each brain signal can result in many wing flaps ...up to 300 beats /sec compared to "normal" 50 beats/sec |
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insect sense organs are called...?
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sensilla
(sing: sensillum) |
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what are the three basic mechanoreceptors?
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tactile
Propriorecptors Sound receptors |
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What kind of mecahnoreceptor senses one's own position/orientation?
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proprioreceptors
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What is johnston's organ?
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setae at the base of the antennae detect antennal movement and sound
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2 main sensilla morphologies?
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trichoform (motion detecting hairs) and campaniform (pressure detecting, bell shaped)
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what kind of chemoreceptor do insect have?
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taste (in antennae & tarsi, but usually mouth) and smell organs (mouth and genitalia)
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strengths and weaknesses of the compound insect eye?
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strengths:movement detection, temporal resolution(200 images/sec!)
can detect polarized light can see UV Weak: most can't see red lower resolution lower color discrimination |
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UV "targets" on flowers are called...?
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nectar guides.
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1 lens section of a compound eye is called an...?
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omatidia
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Insect ESP...what do they know that we don't know?
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dermal light sense
infrared detection temp humidity carbon dioxide |
