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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rhinovirus causes disease of the _________ system
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nasopharyngeal
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Rhinoviruses vs. enteroviruses: what is the pH sensitivity?
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Rhinoviruses are labile to acid; Enteroviruses are resistant to acid (pH of 3, so they can survive stomach and infect GI tract)
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What is the difference in preferred temperature between rhino- and enteroviruses?
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Rhino viruses have a preferred temperature of 33 C (respiratory tract is cooler), while enteroviruses have a preference for higher temps (37 C)
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What is the difference in <b>sensitivity to detergent</b> between rhino- and enteroviruses?
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Rhinoviruses: sensitive
Enteroviruses: resistant |
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What is the difference in <b>site of primary infection</b> between rhino- and enteroviruses?
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Rhino: upper
Entero: GI tract |
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Rhinovirus: Clinical Findings/Symptoms
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2 - 4 day incubation, early chills
Sneezing, nasal clogging, runny nose, sore throat, no fever |
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What cell types does poliomyelitis affect?
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- inflammation of the gray (polios) anterior matter of the spinal cord (myelos).
Death of motor neurons Sensory neurons unaffected |
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2 genera of picornaviridae
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1) Enterovirus
2) Rhinovirus |
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5 subgroups of Enteroviruses
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1) Poliovirus
2) Coxsackie A 3) Coxsackie B 4) Echovirus 5) New enteroviruses |
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What do cell type do enteroviruses infect?
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intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells (eg. Peyer's patches, tonsils)
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How are enteroviruses transmitted?
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fecal-oral
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What cells does poliovirus infect?
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1) Peyer's patches of the intestine
2) Motor neurons |
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T/F Adults are more likely to develop paralytic poliomyelitis
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T
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What are the 3 disease manifestations of polio?
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1) Mild illness: an asymptomatic infection or mild febrile illness
2) Aseptic meningitis 3) Paralytic poliomyelitis |
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Mild polio illness is most common in what population?
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Infants in less-developed nations where sanitation is poor
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Paralytic poliomyelitis: what happens?
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Damage to ventral horn of spinal cord and postsynaptic neurons leaving the horn.
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What are the two polio vaccines?
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1) Salk: inactivated polio vaccine (formalin-killed viruses)
2) Sabin: Oral vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus that has lost ability to multiply in CNS |
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Positives and Negatives of Sabin (live) vaccine:
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Positives: Given orally allows formation of both IgG in blood and secretory IgA in GI tract.
Negatives: Vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis can occur if regains virulence. Shouldn't be given to immunodeficient ppl. |
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______ attached at 5’ end of picornavirus.
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Virion protein genome (VPg peptide)
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How many serotypes of polio?
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3
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What is the common polio antigen across all 3 serotypes?
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There is none
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ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) virus: what is it?
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type of RNA virus that belongs to the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family.[1] Echoviruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract (hence it being part of the enterovirus genus) and exposure to the virus causes other opportunistic infections and diseases.
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T/F The Sabin (live) vaccine requires boosters
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False. Only the Salk(killed) vaccine requires boosters.
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How is polio diagnosed?
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Virus isolation: throat swab within a few days of onset, or swab from feces/rectum
Hard to recover from CNS |
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T/F In the killed vaccine (salk), there is no intestinal immunity, so wild poliovirus continues to be transmitted by oral-fecal route
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T
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When was last wild-type polio case?
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1978
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T/F With the live vaccine, the entire population of concern (eg, family, prison, etc) must get the vaccine because it can mutate.
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T
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What are post polio syndrome sx?
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Fatigue, Myalgia, Arthralgia, Weakness, Cold intolerance, atrophy, problems walking, stair climbing, dressing, etc.
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when does post polio syndrome occur?
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30-40 years after acute illness.
Can even happen with patients who had very mild poliomyelitis. |
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What is believed to cause post polio syndrome?
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After the death of certain motor neurons, neighboring motor neurons sprouted at axons, reinnerating 5-10x more muscle cells than original motor neuron, resulting in giant motoneuron units. (aka remodeling)
After many years, these begint o break down possibly due to overuse. Could also be immune-modulated. |
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What are the two types of degeneration proposed in post polio syndrome?
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1) A progressive lesion – resulting the inability of the regenerated axons sprouts to keeps pace with the dying or malfunctioning sprouts.
2) A fluctuating lesion occurs when there is a faulty synthesis or release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter. |
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What are the same clinical symptoms that can be caused by the coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, and new enteroviruses (named after 1969)?
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1) Asymptomatic/mild febrile infections
2) Respiratory sx (cold) 3) Rashes 4) Aseptic meningitis |
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Most common cause of non-bacterial (aka aseptic) meningitis
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Enteroviruses
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Common acute illness mostly in children with fever, oral vesicles, and small tender lesions on hands, feet, and buttocks
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Hand, foot, and mouth syndrome
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How are Coxsackie A and B differentiated?
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By their effects on MICE.
A caused paralysis and death of mouse with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis. B was less serious. |
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What two diseases does Coxsackie A cause in humans?
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1) Hand, foot, and mouth syndrome
2) Herpangina |
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Mild self-limiting illness with fever, sore throat, small red vesicles over the back of the throat
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Herpangina
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Difference in appearance between herpangina and HSV1
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Herpangina vesicles tend to be redder
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How is Hand, foot, and mouth syndrome-associated lesions different from gonococcemia?
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gonococcemia is associated with a vesicular or pustular eruption on the hands which could be mistaken for HFM
Mouth lesions absent in gonococcemia and there'd be a history of urethral d/c or vaginal discharge |
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T/F In Hand Foot and Mouth Disease,
Herpetic lesions are usually confined to one finger and not distributed. |
T
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What is pleurodynia and what causes it?
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Fever, headache, and severe lower thoracic pain on breathing.
Coxsackie B respiratory infection. |
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Which Coxsackie causes myocarditis/pericarditis?
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B
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ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) virus: where found?
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alimentary tract of humans (causes no disease in mice)
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ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) virus: what clinical syndromes associated with it?
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maculopapular rash, respiratory disease, diarrhea? minor illness
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T/F Infections with enteroviruses other than poliovirus can cause paralytic poliomyelitis.
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T
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Which diseases are both polio and cox A associated with?
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1) Paralytic disease
2) Meningitis/encephalitis 3) Resp infections 4) Undifferentiated fever |
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Which diseases are both ECHO and cox B associated with?
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1) Meningitis/encephalitis
2) Carditis 3) Neonatal disease 4) Rash (Cox A too but NOT polio) 5) Undifferentiated fever (polio and Cox A too) |
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Diabetes/pancreatitis is associated with what virus?
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Cox B
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