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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Honey is composed of what sugar(s)? |
fructose, glucose |
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Nectar is composed of what sugar(s)? |
sucrose |
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Trace elements make up how much of honey? |
3% |
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Honey is what percent water? |
20% |
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Purpose of sucrase |
convert complex sugars to simple sugars |
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Purpose of gluconic oxidase |
acidify honey |
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What percent water is nectar? |
5-80% |
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At what percent water does fermentation occur? |
18.6% |
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Four types of honey: |
liquid, creamed, comb, blends |
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Mead is composed of what ingredients? |
honey, water, yeast |
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Who produces royal jelly and how much annually? |
China, 2000 tons |
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Claimed health benefits of royal jelly: |
lower cholesterol, anti-aging, increased growth rate, increased endurance, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor |
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Texture of queen vs worker stingers |
queen = smooth workers = barbed |
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What do queens and workers use their stingers for? |
queens = fighting other queens for ownership of colony (loser swarms); half as toxic as worker venom towards mammals workers = nest defense |
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When do venom sacs emerge? |
queens = upon emergence (lose all venom by age 2) workers = after 2-3 weeks |
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Melittin |
50% of venom interacts with phospholipids, destroys cell membranes (rips holes) |
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Phospholipase A2 |
directly breaks down phospholipids, releases lysosome contents |
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Hyaluronidase |
digests hyaluronic acid (the glue that holds tissues together) allows for deeper venom penetration |
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Mast cell degranulating peptide |
breaks down mast cells (contains histamine => pain, dilation), causes swelling |
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Apamin |
neurotoxin, blocks sodium potassium channels, interferes with endocrine and nervous functions |
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What percent of people are allergic to bee stings? |
Of 30-40% of people who get stung, 0.5-2% have systemic reaction |
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Sensitization |
Becoming allergic after repeat exposure, such as through stings, laundry w/ bee gear, acupuncture w/ venom, etc |
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Opposite of histamine |
Adrenalin |
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Symptoms of anaphylaxis: |
body hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of throat, weak pulse, dizziness, loss of consciousness |
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In what species of bee does the queen leave with the swarm? |
Western honey bee, Apis mellifera |
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What bee species produces many afterswarms? |
African bee |
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Apis mellifera lamarkii |
Egyptian bee; 100s of queens before swarming, killed off after one comes back mated |
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What species of bee can reproduce by parthenogenesis (cloning?) |
Apis mellifera capensis regularly take over other bee colonies |
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Which bee species is large and dark? |
Apis mellifera monticola gentler than other African bees |
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Why can't western bees fare well in the tropics? |
too large, too much honey, too stationary |
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Who created the Africanized honey bee? |
Warwick Kerr |
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Which bee species is darkest in color? |
apis mellifera mellifera German bee |
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Which bee species is most aggressive? |
apis mellifera mellifera German bee |
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Which bee species is most gentle? |
apis mellifera lingustica Italian bees use least propolis |
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Which bees are said to be resistant to mites? |
apis mellifera caucasia |
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How many hives in US? |
2.5 million |
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Where is the most bee genetic variation? |
Africa > US > Europe |
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Asian honey bee |
apis mellifera cerana |
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Thermoregulation |
hot bees work hard in center, move to outside to act as insulation when tired until too cold |
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Apis florea |
dwarf honey bee single comb |
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apis dorsata |
giant honey bee |
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How many US crops rely on bees? |
100 about 1/3 of all US crops |
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How does low plant diversity harm bees? |
no year-round forage no pollen variety (leads to poor diet) no suitable nesting sites for natives (twigs, lead litters, etc) |
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How does heavily manipulated soils impact bees? |
no nesting sites bumble bees: mouse nests, heavy brush solitary bees: sandy soil, twigs |
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Why are honey bees ideal commercial pollinators? |
generalist, large societies, manipulable, manageable |
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What management problems do we have with bees? |
disease control, diet, moving colonies (kills queen) |
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When were tracheal bees first discovered? When did they appear in the US? |
1919, US banned import in 1922, 1948 |
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What effect do tracheal mites have on colony health? |
overall decrease in fitness, decreased overwintering ability |
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Treatments for tracheal mites: |
menthol crystal, grease patties (2:1mixture shortening and sugar), miticides/chemicals (amitraz, formic acid) |
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Two species of varroa mites: |
varroa jacobsoni varroa destructor |
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When was varroa first discovered in US? |
1987 |
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Name the two life phases of varroa: |
Phoretic: live on outside of bee reproductive: female enters brood cell about to be capped |
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Impacts of varroa on emerging adult bees: |
light weight, reduced blood nutrients, reduced life expectancy, viral infections |
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How to detect varroa mite levels: |
1) sticky board = natural fall (72+ hours), enhanced w/ chemical 2) ether roll = 300 nurse bees in jar, ether-based engine fluid, shake vigorously |
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Total mite population (natural fall) |
15% of mites fall off |
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Total mite population (ether roll) |
multiply by 7 to get phoretic population multiply by 5 to get total population |
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Control of varroa |
mechanical (drone comb removal) or chemical (mite away quick strips, apivar) |
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American foul brood disease |
larva eat contaminated bacterial spores at 1-3 days old bacteria eat larva larva turns "ropy" spotty brood pattern scales |
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European foul brood disease |
not ropy not scales not as lethal or contagious |
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Antibiotics for foulbrood |
terramycin, tylan |
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Chalkbrood |
fungal disease, larva eat spores, dry up, white or dark |
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Sacbrood disease |
larva dies and turns to straw-colored fluid |
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nosema sp |
nosema apis nosema ceranae fungal gut parasite in adult bees |
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treatment for nosema |
fumagilin |
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Colony pests |
wax moths, hive beetles |
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What do you need to keep bees? |
knowledge, bees, hive, equipment (smoker, hive tool), space for hive, protection equipment (veil, gloves, suit), time and interest |
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Biggest threats to bees: |
humans, ants, bears |
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How to set up colony: |
prepare hive, put queen in, remove frames and dump bees, feed simply syrup until established best to set up in spring |
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When to open hive: |
mid-day when foragers are out foragers in bottom super opening hive can kill queen check queen health |
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How to control swarming: |
1) split colony: 4-5 brood combs, new queen 2) kill queen cups |
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What does a colony need to successfully overwinter? |
~30-40 lbs honey ~40000 bees |
