Enlightenment Midterm

Front 1

he was deeply immersed in the enlightenment and its politics. son of a prime minister (had conflicted feelings about dynasties and corruption); very liberal, anti-catholic, fascinated, nonetheless with gothic history, builds strawberry hill- a mini castle.
-wrote castle of otranto- first gothic novel, famous account of origin in a dream
-specific political contrast was the Conway-Grenville Affair (actual Otranto story)

Back 1

Walpole

Front 2

Themes of Castle of Otranto

Back 2

*can be read as an allegory relating to real-life people
*interesting but limited
*theme of long-range causality (generations)
*exploration of the psychology of tyranny
*fascination with scale
*use of architecture as symbol
*theme of disorder and order

Front 3

2 dimensions of enlightenment

Back 3

* for: improvement and rationality
*against: irrationality, tradition, inequality, secrecy

Front 4

French enlight focused on

Back 4

more negatives

Front 5

England enlight thinking focused on

Back 5

positives; william and mary were very liberal

Front 6

logical proposition based on axiom (self-evident truths)

Back 6

syllogism (not an enlightenment trait)

Front 7

experience writes all over our minds- blank slate

Back 7

tabula rasa

Front 8

a belief that what we know, we know through observation

Back 8

empiricism

Hint 8

observed prior empires and saw how families got started- generations- observation

Front 9

philosophies of knowing

Back 9

epistemology

Hint 9

epistlary in church helps people to know what's up

Front 10

"what we know for sure can only be based on what we observe and in order to formulate good insights, we need to use inductive reasoning"

Back 10

Francis Bacon

Front 11

-he came up with theory of gravity- apple falling from tree
-tried to apply mathematical terms to explain life
-white light = combination of colors
-wrote "Principia Mathematica" and had he not, our form of gov't may not exist
-wanted balance of politics and power
-God created gravity and was the "First Cause"

Back 11

Newton

Front 12

"Nature to be commanded, must be obeyed"

Back 12

Bacon

Front 13

was promoter of Linnaen science- distinction between phylo and species- nature formed a system, order balance
-did study of rats b/c they are part of animal, veg, min world- study and observation

Back 13

Buffon

Front 14

"Wake up from intellectual tutelage"
-wrote "What is Enlightenment?"

Back 14

Kant

Front 15

about the system by which things are distributed, disposed, and circulated. poetry about this. everything has an... ie. fluids- poem about movement of water
-suggests some kind of logic or scale

Back 15

Economism

Front 16

-wrote "Physicotheology"
-look at the clock. the maker was superior to it. now look at the world- organization, design.
-parallel rhyming couplets to show symmetry in world
-use of v. visual language
-circulation, the body, muscles, bones

Back 16

Durham

Hint 16

medical hospital in NC

Front 17

he said that everything has to be economized- within their own realm, a system that's predictable- suggests a plan
-wrote "The creation"

Back 17

Blackburn

Hint 17

metals and veins of solid stone found

Front 18

the philosophical basis for Pope's poem- the idea that all of creation had 4 aspects
1. all of nature forms a hierarchy or ladder chain all the way to God
2. Plentitude (god is so overwhelmingly creative that he filled the univ. with every poss thing)
3. Continuity (not too much of anything)
4. Optimism (god created the best of all poss worlds)

Back 18

the great chain of being from Essay on Man- written to hault enlightenment thinking

Front 19

"Man is only one link in the vast chain of being"

Back 19

Pope, "Essay on Man"

Front 20

"created half to rise, and half to fall" (puts us in the middle, not right under God)
-continuity
-alliteration
-hierarchy (above...below)

Back 20

Pope

Front 21

employed reductio ad adsurdum to his work

Back 21

Voltaire- "Candide"
-to reduce to the absurd. take a proposition and apply it in an absurd number of premises to prove it absurd

Front 22

tends to have 2 traits:
1. involve grotesque scenarios
2. lots of philosophical dialogue amongst protagonist
-politically safer than attacking empire

Back 22

Menippean Satire- Candide by Voltaire

Front 23

"post hoc ergo propter hoc"

Back 23

Voltaire from Candide- "after this therefore it caused this"

Front 24

characterizes Candide by Voltaire:
picaresque narrative, lots of adventures, geograph mvmnt, lots of coincidence, chance encounters and escapes, no character develop., plot is driven by what happens to the likable picaro (hero)

Back 24

Episodic Narrative

Front 25

satire in which there's ONE strong moral compass, telling you what's right and wrong

Back 25

Juvenalian, Horatian Satire

Front 26

wrote "The Grumbling Hive"- talked about native americans in state of nature
-everyone had freedom, natural liberties
-everyone has to agree- contract- you cannot give up your natural laws, appoint judges and lawmakers that are nonbiased
-gov't needs to protect you through civil rights
-bumblebees hive is small but has social organization p.81

Back 26

Bernard Mandeville

Front 27

wrote "Common Sense"
-not influenced by polit party, but uses reason and principle
-uses logical arguments- baby mother, breast milk, ween
-title is another way of saying reason- self-evident, anyone can rationalize these ideas
-everything supports separation, geographically (physico theology)- looking at god's purpose, natural facts(Blackburn did this too)
-uses earthy analogies to make points
-dialogism
-not cerebral or abstract like Locke- parallel syntactical structure, repetition: "as a, and as, they have"
-progressive rhetoric: bigger and bigger words- "not city, county, country, but continent"
-uses space, time, history, makes cause and effect v. clear

Back 27

Paine

Front 28

"-native americans- tree belongs to no one, but plants and wood are yours"

Back 28

Locke

Front 29

used physicotheology (2)

Back 29

Blackburn: "The Creation" p. 76

Paine: "Common Sense"

Front 30

used logical argument of breast milk for England and America

Back 30

Paine

Front 31

prose in the form of dialogue.

he understood that when you attack someone, they're less likely to hear your POV

Back 31

dialogism

Paine

Front 32

using bigger and bigger words: not city, county, country, but continent
who?

Back 32

progressive rhetoric

Paine

Front 33

wrote "Occasional Letter on the Female Sex"

Back 33

Paine

Front 34

deliberate exaggeration to create a certain effect

Back 34

hyperbole

Paine "Occasional Letter on the Female Sex"

ie. almost, without exception, at all times

Front 35

believed climate effected people's behavior

Back 35

Paine

Front 36

opposing tyranny where he finds it

Back 36

Paine

Front 37

wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes"

Back 37

Judith Sargent Murray

Front 38

-what you were born as vs. what you were raised as
-women have been less educated than men
-eve at apple for knowledge, adam, sex
-never says women should have equal roles, just says women should stop knitting sweaters, etc.
-education won't detract from motherly, housewife roles (119)

Back 38

Judith Sargent Murray

"On the Equality of the Sexes"

Front 39

did comparative anatomy- men and women's anatomy diff.
-intro to nuclear fam. when from being lg. units to small
-concept of countervailing forces- everything works together to form perfect union
-men need women to dominate
-women need men to be admired
-teeth inside clock- diff. directions, but need each other b/c if one speeds up, won't change balance. men prevail over women (p.107)

Back 39

Rousseau and Conte

Front 40

everything works together to form a perfect union

Back 40

counterveiling forces

-Conte & Rousseau