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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which country is the largest floral producer in the world?
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Netherlands
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When operating a commercial greenhouse, what is the most important aspect of production?
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Uniformity
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Which country has the highest wholesale value of cut and containerized flowers?
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Netherlands
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What are the advantages of cut flower production in tropical/subtropical areas?
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Low cost of production and heating/cooling is unnecessary
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A greenhouse refers to a structure covered with a transparent material for the purpose of admitting natural light for plant growth: True of False?
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True
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A very negative DIF means
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There was a big temperature drop from night into day
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Why is the cut flower industry not doing as well in the USA as in other countries?
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Lower cost of production in some of those countries due to lower wages and lower or no cost to heat greenhouses in some countries due to a better climate
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Foliage plants, also commonly referred to as?
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Plants sold in a pot and valued for their foliage
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Which of these is not a reason a grower will "sell at a loss"?
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If growers need money, they can sell low to quickly clear inventory
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There are several reasons why an importer might sell at a loss. Which is not a reason?
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Cheap transport costs
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What is a main issue for cut flower growers?
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Competition from foreign imports
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You are planning to build greenhouses. What are the main factors that you should consider when choosing your product and location?
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Production cost, accessibility to high quality water, product quality and market value, and transportation costs
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Which of these is not a recent problem faced by growers?
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The lack of reliable greenhouse making materials
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Which of the following is most commonly seen in field production but not in the greenhouse?
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Bulbs
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Where did the greenhouse industry originate?
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Holland
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What have North American growers, particularly in the US, done to cope with the growing world competition?
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Mechanized to reduce labor, established a local industry, and specialized in higher value plants
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Who is the largest floral producer in the world?
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Netherlands
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True or false: the sale of ornamentals is directly related to the state of the housing market.
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True
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What kind of job is not Dr. Lieth's work in UC Davis?
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Selling ornamental plants produced from lab
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Which material of greenhouse has the best light penetration?
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Polyvinyl fluoride
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When choosing a glazing material, what is the most important factor to consider?
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Cost effectiveness
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What is the only transparent material listed below that does not yellow over time?
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Glass
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Which glazing material has the best transmission of light rate?
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Glass
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Which of the following are greenhouse structures?
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Ridge and furrow, single span, A-frame, and lean-to
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the main criteria for picking a glazing material is:
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Heat vs. light penetration
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Which greenhouse material tends to last the longest?
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Glass
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Which of the following is not a type of film plastic?
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Polycarbonate
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Why must air be used from the outside to fill spaces between layers of plastic sheeting as opposed to inside?
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Outside air generally has a lower relative humidity compared to inside air and will prevent condensate buildup between layers
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Which of the following features is not typical for glass?
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Problems with crud between the layers
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Why are greenhouses in the Netherlands generally made out of glass?
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Because of the low maintenance cost of glass
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Which of the following is NOT an intended function of greenhouse glazing materials?
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Maximizes condensation of water inside greenhouse
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What greenhouse glazing material lasts the longest?
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Vinyl
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Which of the following are important aspects of greenhouse structure?
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Surface area of glazing material and ratio of glazing material to support materials
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Which of the following is an advantage of using glass for a greenhouse structure?
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Very durable
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what are the pros and cons of plastic greenhouses
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Cheap to build / more difficult to manage
Good light penetration / fire hazard |
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What is the most likely reason a grower would choose to build a greenhouse out of Quonset?
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Price
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A relative disadvantage of film glazing materials is that they:
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Require frequent replacement
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Which characteristic is less important in choosing greenhouse glazing material?
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Weight of the materials
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Which of the following requires natural gas for running heating system in greenhouse?
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Forced hot air
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Which cooling system is the most expensive per btu?
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Air conditioning
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What do HAF fans do in a greenhouse?
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Actively circulate air from gable to plant zone within the greenhouse
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Growers claim 30-50 percent reductions in fuel costs with infrared systems, yet water heating is most popular. What is a problem with infrared heating?
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The radiated energy is disproportionately absorbed by the upper canopy, resulting in non-uniform heating
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In what order would a greenhouse step controller use to cool our greenhouse?
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Ventilation, forced air ventilation, fan and pad
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Greenhouse pads
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evaporatible cooling method
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Which of the following is not used as a cooling system
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Vents
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Bottom heating is ideal for
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Propagating cuttings
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Which heating system gives more uniform heat throughout the greenhouse?
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horizontal discharge unit heaters
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What are the different types of heat loss found in a green house?
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Conduction, infiltration, radiation
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Why can't forced hot air systems exhaust into greenhouses?
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Impurities like CO and ethylene in the exhaust cause serious problems
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Which of the following opportunities to cool a greenhouse is not applicable in the field?
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Airconditioning with compressors
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The STEP control system for cooling should be in the following order:
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Venting, forced air, forced air with wet pads, fog, shading - insert horizontal air flow after every step to create uniformity
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Why are infrared heating systems not widely used in greenhouses?
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Creates a temperature gradient across tall and moderately tall plants: the top of the plant is the warmest and the root-zone receives little to no heat
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HAF systems do not do which of the following?
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Cool the greenhouse temperature
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Which heating or cooling system does not include water?
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Forced hot air
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Which factors need to be considered when designing a heating system?
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Air infiltration, heat transmission of glazing material, and outdoor wind speed
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What is a major setback of having hot water heating pipes through your greenhouse?
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Temperature gradients
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What type of plants would you most likely see in a greenhouse that uses an infrared heating system?
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Short plants
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If you were stuck with an infrared heating system, what would be the best secondary system to install to promote more uniformality
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Bottom heat / bench heat
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Which of the following can not be used as fuel for heating a greenhouse?
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Water
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A properly placed thermostat would be:
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Neat the crop and close to the crop's height
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Which kind of cooling system do we have in our greenhouse, but we don't use?
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fog
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What does UC mix consist of?
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1/3 sand, 1/3 peat, 1/3 redwood
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Which component has a low CEC?
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Bark
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Which particle has the smallest average size?
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Clay
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Which of the following are roles of root zone media?
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Acts as a reservoir for water, acts as a reservoir for nutrients, provides structural support for the plant, and acts as a conduit for nutrients
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What are components of a soil media
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Silt
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What should you consider before choosing a rooting media?
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Irrigation system and height of root zone
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Some functions of the root zone include:
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Reservoir, anchor-support the plant, conduit of water, and conduit of gases
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UC mix is about 75%:
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Air
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How many functions do roots have?
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7
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What is not a variable that can affect the rooting media design?
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Pesticide method
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What property of UC mix makes it an excellent potting mix?
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The mix has the potential of holing over 70% of its volume in water
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What of the following media is an organic one?
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peat
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What is the main negative effect when using compost for root zone media?
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lack of uniformity
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Which of the following is a characteristic of rooted media used in potted plant production?
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Root media is uniform and has a high hydraulic conductivity
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Which is not an important characteristic of a rooting medium
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None of the above
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Which of the following is not a desirable characteristic of root zone media?
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A CEC of less than 6 meq/100cc
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Which is not a major factor in selecting root media?
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Color
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What is the best root media available?
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It depends on the situation
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An optimum soil pH will generally be:
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Neutral
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Which description of the root zone properties is correct?
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The acceptable range of bulk density is 40-60 lb/ft3
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What is the most spread disease in mum production in US?
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White rust
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How many weeks is between planting date and pinch date in April-August?
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1 week
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Which of the following is a type of mum?
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Incurve
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What is the purpose of pinching mums?
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Pinching encourages branching by breaking apical dominance
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What do mums respond to in order to flower?
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night length
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In the Mum Scheduling diagram, the long day portion includes:
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Planting date, pinch date, and time of year
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Pinching is the removal of the terminal portion of the stem tip supporting the apical meristem and some developing leaves and internodes: True or false
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True
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Mums are pinched to:
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induce branching at a specific time
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Mums have a response time of about how long?
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7 to 10 weeks
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Name at least one flower form of Chrysanthemums:
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Quill
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Mums are described as photoperiodic. This means:
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Long periods of darkness initiate flowering
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What is not an important date in mum scheduling?
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fruit ripeness date
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Why is photoperiodicity desired in a crop?
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Your plants will all flower at the same time
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What are the three main factors a grower needs to consider when designing a mum schedule?
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Mum variety, time of year, cut vs. potted mum requirements
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Mum flower bud initiation is triggered by?
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A long uninterrupted dark period
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What is critical for maintaining flower schedule for mums?
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Black cloth to force short days
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For mums, what is the correct way to induce flowering?
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Uninterrupted dark periods of 11.5 hours or more
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What is photoperiod and how is it used?
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It is a plants response to light and used for FBI
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What family are mums in?
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Asteraceae
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In order to maintain a vegetative state in a crop of chrysanthemums, one must:
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Break up the darkness between 10pm and 2am with at least 6 minutes of light for every 30 minutes of darkness
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What is not correct about mum production?
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The short day should begin after pinching
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Hydroponic system depends highly on managing
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pH, EC and water
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What is the key element of hydroponic
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Optimal water, nutrient and oxygen
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When setting up a hydroponic system, which of the following media could be used?
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Rock / mineral wool
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How can plants in the soil be overwatered but plants can survive completely submerged in a hydroponic system?
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The water is kept aerated, preventing the plant from suffocating
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In the hydroponics lab, we elevated the air pumps in order to prevent:
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A backflow of water
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In hydroponics there is:
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No soil involved, bulk movement of water happens a lot, and water is not discarded
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EC measurments help growers determine the water's:
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Dissolved salt contents
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Why is consistent power important for aeroponics?
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Without power, the roots will not receive water and will die off
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Which is not a characteristic of soilless culture?
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It is not possible for plants to live without soil
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Which statement is false when regarding hydroponics
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It has to have a substrate to survive
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If in an area that experiences somewhat regular losses of electricity for a few minutes at a time, which hydroponics system would be the safest to run?
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Deep-flow
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What is the downfall of choosing coir over peat moss?
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Coir can fluctuate in pH levels rapidly while peat moss remains relatively acidic
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Which of the following is a system used for hydroponics?
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Substrate based systems, liquid culture, and aerohydroponics
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Why is there no need for soil to grow plants?
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Soil is simply a medium, it provides an advantage against pathogens and pests, and it allows us to be more efficient in inputs such as water and nutrients
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Why would someone most likely choose aeroponics over hydroponics?
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Water efficiency
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If a hydroponic solution is measured after one cycle and the ECE is found to be the same as it was before the cycle, one could conclude that:
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Nutrients and water were absorbed in proportional quantities
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What is the optimum temperature range for lily production in greenhouses?
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15.5 - 18 C
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How many weeks is required for vernalization?
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6 weeks
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Which of the following is a type of Easter Lily?
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Longiflorum and Asiatic
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Easter lilies are grown under carefully monitored conditions to bloom around Easter. Without this manipulation, when would they usually bloom in Davis?
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June - July
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What methods are used to condition lily bulbs?
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Case cooling, natural cooling, and controlled temperature forcing
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Vernilization in Easter lily production determines?
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Flowering pattern
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True or false: All lilies have bulbs as storage organs
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True
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Easter lilies are mainly produced from:
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Bulbs
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How long does it take for Easter lily flowers to open after there are visible buds on the plants?
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3-5 weeks
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Which of the following is a method of vernalization for Easter lilies?
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Case cooling
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Field grown lilies take on a blue hue from:
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Pesticides
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What is a disadvantage of natural cooling as a programming method?
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Must be performed by the forcer
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What is one effect of the 6 weeks of cooling on a lily?
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Reduces number of flowers and leaves
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In northern CA, how are Easter lilies propagated commercially?
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Easter lilies are propagated via bulbs in the field
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True or false: easter lily production often requires the production of bulbs in a field for two years before reaching a greenhouse.
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True
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What size should a lily bulb be before it is suitable for a potted plant?
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Greater than 6 inches circumference
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Which of the following is an effect of Easter lily bulb vernalization?
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Reduction of total number of flowers and leaves, reduction in total number of days to flower, reduction in total plant height during time of flowering, and reduction in length of lower leaves
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What do the x, y, and z components of growth tracking represent?
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Growth before pinching (x), growth after pinching (y) and growth after FBI (z)
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True or False: the Stargazer lily is an Asiatic variety
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False
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What is the advantage of precooling methods for lily vernalization?
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Takes small amount of refrigeration place
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What is the role of Benzyladenine (BA) if Floriculture commercial use?
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To promote branching and increase flower set
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Which material can be applied as only a spray?
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Daminozide
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Which of the following is Not a growth control hormone?
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Pruning
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Over application of GA inhibitors can stunt growth more than intended. How could one potentially remedy overapplication while minimizing deleterious effects?
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Apply Gibberelin (such as Florgib or ProGibb)
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Which plant growth regulator is not used to make shorter plants?
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Gibberillins
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When should you check for phytotoxicity?
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After a drench, before an application of PGR and after an application of PGR
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Plant growth can be influenced by:
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Water stress, light, pinching and root restriction
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Where are auxins produced in plants?
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Shoot tips
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What are some examples of Daminozide growth regulators?
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B-Nine, Compress WSG
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Applying PGRs will
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Shorten overall height
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Which of these types of growth controls is not physical?
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Temperature (DIF)
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Ancymidol is a PGR used to control:
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Height
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What is ethylene?
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A compound that induces ripening in climacteric fruits, induces flowering in bromeliads, and a by product of combustion and can be present in exhaust
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Which is an example of an environmental growth control?
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Temperature
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Which of the following is not true?
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Pinching is done to make the plant shorter
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What is used often to control the stretching of plants stems?
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DIF
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Which of the following methods is a way to control plant growth?
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Root restriction by utilizing small containers, pinching, touching, shaking or blowing air across plants, and temperature manipulation (DIF)
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Which of these in not a natural occurring hormone in plants?
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A-Rest
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Which of the following is not a common method of controlling plant growth?
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Meristem binding
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A positive DIF happens when:
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Daytime temperature is greater than nighttime temperature
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Which plant characteristic will be affected by DIF
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The stem elongation rates
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What is the desired lily height range in floriculture?
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50-55cm tall
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What ppm A-Rest is recommended as spray application for lily PGRs?
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50 ppm
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What does short days refer to in commercial flower production?
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Weeks from FBI until flowering date
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What are the plant growth regulators we are applying in lab?
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B-Nine on mums; sumagic, Topflor and A-Rest on lilies
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What controls the height of lilies and mums
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Genetics
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In lab, what are we doing to determine if the plants are developing on schedule?
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lilyHGT
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a leaf is considered unfolded when the tip of the leaf has pulled back from the stem and the upper half of the leaf is making a:
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45 degree angle with the stem
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to count the number of elaves on out Easter lilies, we:
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Count the leaves that have opened to more than 45 degrees
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What is the difference between Easter lilies and mums growing phases?
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Easter lilies in anture don't produce flwoers the same year they start growing and mums produce flowers the same year they start growing
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What does FBI mean?
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Flower Bud Initiation
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Greenhouse flower growers receive:
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other plant material, including cuttings or bulbs
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LilyPGR: which characteristic is not considered in the treatment?
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temperature in greenhouse at application
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What does the x refer to and what does it depend on when scheduling your mum growth?
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Weeks of growth prior to pinching depending on the time of year
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How are chrysanthemums propagated commercially?
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Propagated and sold as rooted and unrooted cutting. The grower purchases the cutting and grows the mum in a greenhouse
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The active ingredient in the growth retardant product B-Nine is:
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Daminozide
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Which PGR do we not use in the lilyPGR lab experiment?
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Karrikins
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Which piece of data is not needed for height tracking?
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Date roots developed
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What must be done to Easter lilies as bulbs to prep them for flowering?
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6 weeks of moist, cold treatment
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What is photoperiodicity?
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Plant responds to the day length or night length
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What does the phytotoxicity scale indicate?
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The damage to plants due to growth regulators
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What temperature is most appropriate for Easter lily vernalization?
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45 degree F
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True or False: Sumagic is a strong growth retardant
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True
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What is not correct about PGRs?
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PGR application rate is too slow, plants will be too short at the end
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