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247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which biological control agent targets aphids?
a. Mealybug b. Ehitefly c. Green lacewig d. Wasp |
C. Green Lacewig
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Why do we have to control weeds
a. Eliminate product blemish that will render plant unmarkable. b. Eliminate habitat for pests. c. Eliminate competition for light, water and nutritions. d. All of above e. None all of above |
D. all of the above
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What is important to know when implementing biocontrols?
a. What pest species are present b. Life-cycle stages and timing c. Most effective life stages of predators d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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Which of the following are effective controls for aphids?
a. Hypoaspis mite b. Neoseiulus californicus c. Amblysius swirskii (swirskii mites) d. Green Lacewing e. Encarsia formosa |
D. Green Lacewig
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What are elements of an IPM program?
a. Weed control b. Sanitation c. Monitoring d. All of the above e. None of the above |
D. All of the above
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For biological control in an integrated pest management system, chemical pesticides cannot be used.
a. True b. False c. It depends. You must first see if both are compatible. |
C. It depends. You must first see if both are compatible
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What are elements of an Intergrated Pest Management Program?
a. not using natural enemies to eradicate pests b. only using chemical control c. allowing weeds to grow in the greenhouse to provide habitat for insects such as aphids d. understanding the biology and lifecycles of your crops e. none of the above |
D. Understanding the biology and life cycles of your crops
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True or false, Biological Control is designed to completely erridacate all pests
a. True b. False |
B. False
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True or False Biological Control uses natural enemies of pests to get rid of them.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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What does biological controls refer to?
a. Using pesticides to kill pests. b. Using natural enemies of the pests against the pests. c. Using the weather to kill the pests. d. None of the above. |
B. Using natural enemies of the pests against the pests
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Why might having a farm or nursery close by that doesn't practive good pest management be good for your biological control?
a. Biological controls will be more protected against pesticide use b. Pests will be more predictable c. Pests will stay away from your biologicals and result in fewer pests for you d. There may be a constant food source to maintain healthy populations of biologicals |
D. There may be a constant food source to maintain healthy populations of biologicals
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Which of the following is an element of chemical pest management application ?
a. smoke b. ultra-low-volume applicatior c. aerosol d. fogger e. all of them |
E. All of them
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Why is it important to understand the biology and lifecycle of host, pest, and beneficial organisms?
a. To be able to understand which stages are suceptible b. To know which pesticides will cause problems for beneficials c. To know the length of time between eggs and various stages d. a and b e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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Phytoplasms are ...
a. Prokaryotic organisms that infect plants b. Cause strange deformities on plants (e.g. leaves growing out of flowers) c. A free-living organism in the soil d. A and B e. None of the above |
D. A and B
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Why are weeds such a major problem for plants?
a. They feed on the plant b. Infect the plants c. Release nematodes d. Compete for plant resources |
D. Compete for plant resources
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Which of the following are acceptable pest management strategies in IPM?
a. Pesticides b. Pest exclusion from greenhouse c. Use of natural enemies and parasitoids d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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Which is not among the 5 elements targeted in IPM?
a. Host plant health b. Light levels c. Transport system d. Conductive environment |
B. light levels
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Biological control is always 100% effective
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Integrated Pest Management is the study of pest management without pesticides
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Pesticides, if used correctly, use will completely eliminate all pests from a crop.
a. True b. False |
B. False
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What is right thing to do in IPM
a. Water wash the pots before reuse them b. Smoking in the greenhouse c. Leave the dead plants in the greenhouse d. Remove all other plants expect what we purposely growing e. Use one application method to apply all pesticide in one greenhouse |
D. Remove all other plants except what we want to grow
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one way to eliminate insects in greenhouse is to spray a substance contains IGR
a. True b. False |
A. True
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How many eggs may Fungus Gnats adult females lay in life span in general?
a. 100 eggs b. 200 eggs c. 300 eggs d. 400 eggs e. 500 eggs |
A. 100 eggs
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What is an aspect of Integrated Pest Management?
a. Emphasizes prevention and scouting b. Uses pesticides as a last resort c. Is an all encompassing program of managing pests d. Employs biological controls e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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What is a biological control for leafminer?
a. Ladybird beetle (also known as lady bug) which targets the adults b. Phytoseiulus persimilis, a predatory mite that targets the larva c. Encarsia formosa, a small fly that outcompetes for egg laying locations d. Diglyphus isaea and dacnusa sibirica, predatory wasps that target the eggs and larva e. Steinernema feltiae, a predatory mite that targets the eggs |
D. Diglyphyus isaea and dacnusa sibirca, predatory wasps that target the eggs and larva
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What pest control method(s) would work for spider mites?
a. Exclution b. Predatory mites c. Predatory midge d. A and B e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Webbing spun under and between leaves is indicative of....
a. A heavy infestation of Thrips (F. occidentalis) b. A heavy infestation of mite (T. urticae) c. An entry level knitting class is taking place in your area |
B. A heavy infestation of mite (T. urticiae)
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Which insect(s) might you use to control aphids?
a. Ladybird beetles b. Leafminer c. Green lacewing d. Spider mite e. a and c |
E. A and C
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The best way to combat insect migration into and out of the greenhouse is to,
a. Humidify the ambient air b. Use stickey cards outside the doorways and vents. c. Sterilize the greenhouse. d. Increase ambient CO2 levels e. S |
B. Use sticky cards outside the doorways and vents
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Which natural enemy is used to manage two-spotted spider mites?
a. Green Lacewings b. Ladybird beetles c. predatory mites d. none of the above e. all of the above |
C. Predatory mites
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Which insect would be best to control aphids in a greenhouse?
a. Ladybug b. Spider mite c. Leafminer d. Mealybug |
A. Ladybug
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Webbing present on leaves is considered a bad sign because
a. spiders, like black widows, can attack workers b. It suggests your plants are old and will die soon c. small, but damaging spider mites in large numbers can produce this d. this silk is often produced by caterpillars eating your plants |
C. Small, but damaging spider mites in large numbers can produce this
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What are methods to control insects and/or mites in a greenhouse ?
a. some sort of vacuum b. chemicals c. predators d. all of them e. b and c are right |
D. All of the them
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A good way to control aphids is to release adult ladybeetles on the plants?
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Which of the following insects is/are biological control agent(s)?
a. Swirskii mites (Amblysius swirskii) b. Western Flower Thrips c. Green lacewing larvea d. A and C e. B and C |
D. A and C
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True or False: Mights are always bad.
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Which of the following pests can be controlled by various species of predatory mites?
a. Thrips b. Spider mites c. Whiteflies d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is an effective predator for leaf miner?
a. Predator mites b. Ladybugs c. Predator wasps d. There are no known predators of leaf miner |
C. Predator wasps
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Both high humidity and water on plants can attract pests
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Both high humidity and water on plants can attract pests
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Spider mites can be most effectively controlled by which biological agent?
a. Nematodes b. Ladybird Beetle c. Predatory mites d. parasitoid wasps |
C. Predatory mites
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What is not the discription of spider mite
a. Very small, virtually impossible to see b. Suck sap - cause chlorotic stippling c. Cover underside of leaves, appearing as sandy cover. d. Make leaves show yellow spot, but will not kill leaves. e. Spin silk |
D. Make leaves show yellow spot, but will not kill leaves
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Which pathogen require free water to germinate?
a. Agrobacterium b. Xyella fastidiosa c. Phytophthera ramorum d. Erwinia amylovera e. Botrytis |
E. Botrytis
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Powdery Mildew does not require moisture to spores to germinate.
a. T b. F |
A. True
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Why can Phytopthora be problematic in hydroponic systems?
a. It is a water mold and can spread easily through the system b. They actively swim to roots c. They cause root rot and reduce nutrient uptake d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is true of Powdery Mildew, but not Downy Mildew?
a. It is a foliar disease b. Causes discoloration of the leaf c. Can be white in color d. Grows along the surface of the leaf e. All of these are true for both diseases |
D. Grows along the surface of the leaf
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What are possible diagnostic aids for diseases?
a. Electron microscope b. antibody test kits c. PCR d. All of the above e. None of the above |
D. All of the above
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Which disease does not necessarily require water to germinate, but is more prolific if there is water present?
a. Rust b. Powdery Mildews c. Downy Mildews d. Botrytis |
B. Powdery Mildews
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Which of these is true about bacteria?
a. most common under dry conditions b. most common under wet conditions c. mostly attack foliar tissues d. a and c e. b and c |
E. B and C
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Which of the following is not an element of biotic plant disease
a. Host b. Pathogen c. The hosts defense system d. The pathogens defense system e. a transport system to bring the pathogen to the host |
D. The pathogens defense system
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Where on a leaf does powdery mildew tend to grow?
a. on the surface of the leaf b. inside the leaf c. none of the above d. all of the above |
A. On the surface of the leaf
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What are the symptoms of powdery mildew?
a. Grows along the surface of the leaf b. Feeds off plant by haustoria c. Evaporative water loss d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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Powdery Mildew can be identified by
a. spots of chlorosis b. browning on the edges of leaves c. white puffy growths on the surface of leaves and stems d. blackening of stem near the crown of the plant e. all of the above |
C. White puffy growths on the surface of leaves and stems
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What helps to prevent diseases ?
a. routine sanitations b. use rooting media several times c. inspection and clean up of new material d. cut all plants with the same sheer (without sanitation) e. a nd c are right |
E. A and C
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What are the most common symptoms of virus diseases?
a. lack of turgidity b. necrosis c. color patterns on leave d. deformities on leave e. c and d |
E. C and D
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Many fungi spread via spore dispersal. What are the main ways fungal diseases (i.e. spores) are spread?
a. Air currents move airborne spores b. Spores only move under hot, dry conditions c. Splashing water can move spores from plant to plant d. B and C e. A and C |
E. A and C
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Many fungi spread via spore dispersal. What are the main ways fungal diseases (i.e. spores) are spread?
a. Air currents move airborne spores b. Spores only move under hot, dry conditions c. Splashing water can move spores from plant to plant d. B and C e. A and C |
A. Air currents move airborne spores
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Which environmental factor has the greatest impact on disease control?
a. Temperature b. Relative humidity c. Light d. Carbon dioxide |
B. Relative humidity
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How does botrytis invade a plant?
a. Pistil b. Filtering through stomata c. Open wounds and cuts d. Through root absorbtion |
C. Open wounds and cuts
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Keeping plants healthy can sometimes be a good defense on its own against pathogens
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Why are certain greenhouse managers particularly concerned with their worker's being smokers?
a. You have to be an idiot to smoke cigerettes b. Need maximum lung capacity for hard labor c. Potential spread of Tobacco Mosiac Virius d. Secondhand smoke e. Potential spread of Leaf Wilt |
C. Potential spread of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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A good way to diagnose the presence of fastidious bacteria is through "virescence", which is when:
a. Tissue that would normally be photosynthetic loses pigments and becomes white b. Tissue that would normally be white develops chloroplasts and turns green. c. Mosaic patterns appear across the vasculature of leaves d. All of the above e. None of the above |
B. Tissues that would normally be white develop chloroplasts and turns green
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Which is a kind of root disease?
a. Powdery Mildews b. Downy Mildews c. Phytophthora d. Phytophthera ramorum e. rust |
C. Phytophtora
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If a plant expose to red light for long time it will induce:
a. chlorosis b. longer internodes c. flowering in Chrysanthemums d. flowering in long day plants e. Less branching |
D. Flowering in long day plants
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Which range is PAR?
a. 315 to 380 nm b. 300 to 600 nm c. 400 to 700 nm d. 500 to 800 nm e. 380 to 770 nm |
C. 400 to 700 nm
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How can light be used in crop production?
a. To induce flowering b. To inhibit flowering c. To speed up crop production d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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Which of the following converts the highest percentage of energy to light production, rather than heat?
a. Incandescent b. Flourescent c. High pressure sodium (HPS) d. LED e. Low pressure sodium (LPS) |
D. LED
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What does far red light affect?
a. Photosynthesis b. phytochrome c. phototropism d. B and C e. All of the above |
B. Phytochrome
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Which type of supplemental light is the most popular at this time?
a. Flourescent b. HID c. HPS d. Metal halide |
C. HPS
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Why is black cloth sometimes used in greenhouses?
a. for photoperiodism b. for initiation or supression of flowering c. for phytocrhome response d. all of the above e. none of the above |
D. All of the above
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Light intensity is reduced by a factor of
a. color b. (distance)^2 c. distance * lumens d. distance/lumens e. 1/(distance)^2 |
E. 1/(distance)^2
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Different plant responses to photoperiodism can include:
a. plant shape, branching b. pigmentation c. flowering d. none of the above e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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The more light, the more photosnythesis.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Supplemental lighting is most effeciently used
a. During periods of low light b. during high noon to increase maximum photosynthesis c. only at night d. only on broad leaved plants |
A. During periods of low light
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What are methods to control photosynthetic active radiation ?
a. use clean cover b. use supplemental light c. use automated shade curtains d. look at the foliage spacing e. all of them are right |
E. All of them are right
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What humans see as orange-red light is in what range of wave length?
a. 300-400 b. 400-500 c. 500-600 d. 600-700 e. 700-800 |
D. 600-700
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Which of the following are ways to improve light capture and usage in the greenhouse?
a. Cover benches and other surfaces with white material to reflect light to underside of leaves b. Orient single-ridge greenhouses (located at > 40 latitudes) E-W direction c. Turn on growth lamps at or after dark d. A and B only e. A, B, and C |
E. A, B, and C
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What plant can take full light?
a. African Violets b. Poinsettia c. Foliage plants d. Rose |
D. Rose
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In relation to dry matter production rate, what is the optimum leaf area index?
a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five |
C. Four
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What is the efficiency of High Pressure Sodium supplemental lights?
a. 7% b. 15% c. 25% d. HPS lights are not used for supplemental lighting |
C. 25%
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Supplemental light is feasible in most of California to increase photosynthesis
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Green light is..
a. Not absorbed but reflected b. Absorbed and reflected c. Neither |
B. Absorbed and reflected
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The spectrum of light that is visible to humans is close to the wavelength range of:
a. 600-900 nm b. 100-1000 nm c. 400-700 nm d. 200-900 nm |
C. 400-700 nm
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Which lighting method has the lowest efficiency
a. efficiency b. flourescent c. Hetal halide d. High pressure sodium e. LED |
E. LED
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The first negative effect caused by high CO2 is
a. higher rate of transpiration b. lower rate of photosynthesis c. gradual closing of stomates d. leaves senescence e. chlorosis |
C. Gradual closing of stomates
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When should you add CO2?
a. Below 100ppm b. Below 200ppm c. Below 300ppm d. Below 400ppm e. Below 500ppm |
A. Below 100 ppm
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What is the best way relative humidity can be controlled?
a. Heat and vent at the same time b. Only heat c. Use HAF fans to ensure the most uniformity throughout the greenhouse d. None of the above |
C. Use HAF fans to ensure the most uniformity throughout the greenhouse
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During crop production lower humidity is better because
a. high humidity limits the plants' ability to transpire and thus take up nutrients b. many plant pathogens thrive at higher humidities c. high humidity coupled with high heat increases the likelihood of heat related illnesses d. all of the above e. only A and C |
D. All of the above
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During crop production lower humidity is better because
a. high humidity limits the plants' ability to transpire and thus take up nutrients b. many plant pathogens thrive at higher humidities c. high humidity coupled with high heat increases the likelihood of heat related illnesses d. all of the above e. only A and C |
D. All of the above
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The definition of relative humidity can be described by which of the following?
a. Total weight of water which can be held/ 100*( actual weight of moisture) b. Total weight of water which can be held*100*(actual weight of moisture) c. Pressure*weight of water/100*(actual weight of moisture) d. 100*(actual weight of moisture)/total weight of water which can be held |
D. 100*(actual weight of moisture)/total weight of water which can be held
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Methods of providing CO2 include
a. burners b. boilers c. injecting gas from storage tank d. all of the above e. none of the above |
D. All of the above
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In california CO2 is not usually economically viable because,
a. we do not grow the right types of plants b. it is too hot c. it does not get very cold d. vents are usually open every day e. none of the above |
D. Vents are usually open every day
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True or false, Positive DIF causes more stem elongation.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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What are the methods to providing carbon dioxide?
a. Burners b. Boiler c. Gas d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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For C3 plants, carbon fertilization
a. is most effective with high light b. will not be beneficial at night c. can be done by clean buring natural gas d. will aid in carbon fixation e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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What are problems with relative humidity (rh) in plant growing business ?
a. rh does not affect the plants growth b. at 100 % rh: condensation in the air - precipitation c. above 95 % rh: lack of temperature uniformity: at some spots it will be 100 % d. above 95 % rh: if leaves are cooler than air: condensation on leaves e. b, c and d are right |
E. B, C and D are right
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What is the problem with 100% humidity?
a. It messes up your irrigation schedule b. Produces condensation in the air that may precipitate and lead to disease/pathogens c. lack of temperature uniformity |
B. Produces condensation in the air that may precipitate and lead to disease/pathogens
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What are the two ways growers have traditionally controlled greenhouse relative humidity (RH)?
a. Turn on heater to reduce RH by raising the temperature in the greenhouse b. Turn on HAF fans to enhance evaporative cooling in the plants, thereby cooling the greenhouse and reducing RH c. Turn on heater and open vents to reduce RH by raising the temperature and adding cooler outside air into the greenhouse d. A and C e. None of the above |
D. A and C
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What does temperature affect in biochemical reactions in plants?
a. Repiration b. Photosynthesis c. Neither d. Both |
D. Both
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What is the upper threshold of carbon dioxide concentration at which plants will still experience starvation?
a. 100 ppm b. 120 ppm c. 160 ppm d. 200 ppm |
B. 120 ppm
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What is the minimum ppm level of CO2 before plants starve?
a. 200 ppm b. 50 ppm c. 0 ppm d. 120 ppm |
D. 120 ppm
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Which of the following include problems with a high humidity?
a. plants could have difficulty cooling themselves b. vulnerable to disease c. lack of temperature uniformity d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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Relative Humidity mainly effects what process?
a. Flowering b. Transpiration c. Transcription |
B. Transpiration
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Starvation can occur is CO2 concentrations are less than:
a. 120 ppm b. 300 ppm c. 220 ppm d. Starvation does not occur in most ornamental plants, instead the leaves go into a dormant state |
A. 120 ppm
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Which is not a strategy of CO2 management?
a. Maintain low CO2 in daytime b. Add CO2 when below 200 ppm c. Prevent starvation d. If economically feasible, enrich to 1000-1500ppm |
A. Maintain low CO2 in daytime
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the nursery had manily:
a. green foliage b. potted plants c. cut-flowers |
B. Potted plants
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How tall will be bearss seedless lime at maturity?
a. 6-10' at maturity b. 3-5' at maturity c. 10-15' at maturity |
A. 6-10' at maturity
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Why was the location chosen for the Four Winds Growers nursery?
a. Unique microclimate created by the surrounding foothills b. Adjacent access to water from Putah Creek c. High land prices d. Both A and B |
D. Both A and B
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How does Four Winds graft their scion to their root stock?
a. They carefully graft a bud onto the rootstock, which will eventually grow into the new stem. b. They cut a "V" indentation on the rootstock, and a wedge on the scion, then glue the two together. c. They cut the scion, lather with binding hormone, then seal to the rootstock with sorghum gum. d. They cut a diagonal on both rootstock and stem, matching diameters, and fasten together with a rubber band. e. They don't graft - all their plants are uniform throughout. |
D. they cut a diagonal on both rootstock and stem, matching diameters, and fasten together with a rubber band
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What method of grafting did they use for there citrus and why?
a. Bud grafting for shorter plants and probably no tap root formation b. Splice grafting for shorter plants and probably no tap root formation c. Bud grafting for taller plants and probably a tap root d. Splice graphting for shorter plants and probably a tap root e. None of the above |
B. Splice grafting for shorter plants and probably no tap root formation
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What makes the Four Winds Nursery product so special?
a. They have some neat spray irrigation system in place b. They eliminate the formation of a tap root c. The Putah Creek water has some beneficial qualities d. The brand name origin is the secret. |
B. They eliminate the formation of a tap root
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Why are some citrus trees grafted?
a. So that the root system can be better adapted to the soil b. So that the root system can be better adapted to the the climate c. to produce dwarf plants d. so that the roots can be resistant to diseases e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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True or false, dwarf citrus are grown dwarfing cultivar rootstocks.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Walking from nursery to nursery can bring in weeds.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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For dwarf citrus, what are suckers and why are they important
a. A species of sharpshooter that transmits viruses b. Leafy stems growing from the root stalk that are undesireable due to nutrient usage c. Fruits that are too tart due to water quality issues d. Repeat customers who buy avacado trees and try to grow them in Davis |
B. Leafy stems growing from the root stalk that are undesirable due to nutrient usage
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What are unique specifications about the "Four Winds" nursery ?
a. special microclimate b. very good access to the infrastructure c. good water out of the river d. a and c are right e. b and c are right |
D. A and C are right
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How does Four Winds Nursery treat the water from Putah Creek?
a. Reverse osmosis b. Filtering only c. The don't use it and get DI watered delivered d. With Ozone e. None of the above |
D. With Ozone
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If you purchase a small citrus tree, why should you NOT transplant the tree into a large pot?
a. Larger pots take up more space, making them less convenient for the consumer b. If you want the citrus tree to grow larger, you should transplant the tree into a larger pot to encourage growth c. Transplanting the small citrus tree into a large container increases water retention in the rootzone and increases the chance of root disease development d. B and C e. None of the above |
C. Transplanting the small citrus tree into a large container increases water retention in the rootzone and increases the change of root disease development
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What did the Four Winds do to its water to make it clean?
a. Reverse Osmosis b. Lots of filters c. Ozone d. Boiled the water e. There was no filtration |
C. Ozone
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Which of the following is NOT a reason grafting may be preferable to budding in citrus tree production?
a. Grafting produces a straight stem; budding produces a slight kink b. Budding requires further maintenance with removal of the rootstock stem c. Grafting is less labor intensive than budding d. None of the above |
C. Grafting is less labor intensive than budding
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What is the main propagation method at Four Winds farm?
a. Cuttings b. Seed c. Grafting d. Sucker plants |
C. Grafting
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What insect poses the greatest general threat to California citrus growers?
a. whitefly b. citrus bud mite c. asian citrus psyllid d. red scale e. None |
C. Asian citrus psyllid
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In plant grafting, the term "scion" refers to:
a. The plant that is used to grow roots b. The area where the vascular cambium of both plants meet c. The plant that is used to produce leaves and fruit d. The hybrid genetic sequence produced by grafting two different plants together |
C. The plant that is used to produce leaves and fruit
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What method does Four Winds use to purify water
a. Distillation b. Ozonation water purification system c. Sediment d. Ionic-exchange e. Chemical precipitation |
B. Ozonation water purification system
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Which location is Best to establish a Greenhouse
a. Arizona b. South California c. North Dakota d. Texas e. North California |
E. North California
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Which factor is the most important for nurseries?
a. water b. temperature c. clean air d. land e. access |
A. Water
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What are important aspects to consider when selecting a greenhouse site?
a. Ease of access for transport to / from b. Quality of water on site or nearby c. A market for your product d. Level land e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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What method does Four Winds use to sterilize their water?
a. Treatment with bromine b. Treatment with chlorine c. Gravity filtration, followed by micropore filtration d. Treatment with ozone e. No treatment - there will always be pathogens in the water, so it isn't worth trying to clean |
D. Treatment with ozone
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What are factor(s) that should be considered when looking for Nursary location
a. Water b. Resources c. Biological d. A and C e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Which of the following could be considered a luxury when deciding the layout and location of a nursery?
a. Water quality b. Labor source c. Landscape planting d. Soil quality |
C. Landscape planting
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What are some advantages of having a landscape planting of trees, flowers, lawns, etc. in the nursery?
a. works as a wind break b. can serve a use for run-off water c. attracts buyers d. showcases your products e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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The most important thing(s) to look for when picking a greenhouse location are
a. temperature b. sunlight c. water quality d. construction quality e. all the above |
E. All of the above
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What types of climate zones aren't ideal for a greenhouse?
a. zones that are very cold b. have hight humity and heat c. low natural light levels d. all of the above e. none of the above |
D. All of the above
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What would be the ideal climate for a greenhouse?
a. very cold b. very hot c. coastal d. high humidity |
C. Coastal
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For nurseries, having competitors close by is generally regarded as good due to
a. lowering of price of your product b. Sharing water resources c. forming support groups to protect against legislative and other changes d. having use for disease plants as sabatoge |
C. Forming support groups to protect against legislative and other changes
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Which of the following is a factor for selecting a greenhouse site ?
a. very cold location b. area with consistant high humidity c. region with a low natural light level d. region with coastal climate e. land is next to a candy shop |
D. Region with coastal climate
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What is the most imporatnt factor is selecting a nursery location?
a. the levelness of the land b. the soil quality c. the water quality d. the access of the property e. the availability of natural gas |
C. Water quality
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When deciding on a greenhouse site, what aspects of water quality and water sources should you consider?
a. If no water is available on-site, it is economically feasible to purchase municipal water b. Unless the water EC is < 0.3 mS/cm or at most 0.5 mS/cm, one should NOT choose that site for your greenhouse operation c. If water has an EC of >0.6 mS/cm, you can install a filter on the pump to lower the water EC d. B and C e. None of the above |
B. Unless the water EC is <.3 mS/cm or at most 0.5 mS/cm, once should NOT choose that site for your greenhouse operation
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What areas should you avoid when selecting an area for a greenhouse?
a. Very cold locaitons b. Consisten high humidity areas c. Very high temeprature areas d. None of the above e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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How does location of the nursery affect stock choices in terms of USDA plant hardiness zones?
a. Plants not suited for the nursery's zone can be more difficult to produce b. Plants not suited for the nursery's zone will likely not survive in local consumers' care c. Plants not suited for the nursery's zone can be more difficult to acquire d. Answers a and b |
D. A and B
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What is the desired EC level when testing a site for water quality?
a. A. 1.0 mS/cm b. B. <0.3 mS/cm c. C. 0.5-0.8 mS/cm d. D. 2 S/cm |
B. <0.3 mS/cm
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It is not a good idea to site a retail nursery in a residential area
a. True b. False |
False
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Which of the following is the least important in deciding a greenhouse location?
a. Access to water b. Light penetration c. Seasonal temperatures d. Soil quality |
D. Soil quality
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When siting a nursery, very poor water availability can be ignored if:
a. The grower is willing to spend exorbitant amounts of money on procuring water b. Never |
B. Never
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What is not correct for choosing nursery location
a. High quanlity water b. Land should be completely level c. Soil with appropriate Ca and Mg content d. Easy to hire cheap, skilled labor e. Sited away from residential neighborhood, hospital, school |
C. Soil with appropriate Ca and Mg content
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What should be applied to increase a cut-flower shelflife and environmentally safer
a. Ethylene b. Ethephon c. 1-MCP d. STS e. CO2 |
C. 1-MCP
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In general when you ship potted plants,
a. close to 23F as possible b. close to 33F as possible c. close to 43F as possible d. close to 53F as possible e. close to 63F as possible |
B. Close to 33F as possible
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Which are ways of maximizing vase life of cut flowers?
a. Keeping flowers cold and pre-cooling b. Preventing inoculation of flowers with pests or diseases c. Reducing or preventing vascular blockages d. Providing a 'preservative' containing sugar, citric acid, and a biocide e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Generally speaking, which temperature would be the best to ship at (bearing in mind that the temperature will fluctuate up and down from the set point by at least a degree)
a. 32 C b. 44 F c. 40 F d. 36 F e. 32 F |
D. 36 F
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What does vase life consist of?
a. harvesting and handling at the production facility b. Shipping and sales c. End-user use d. All of the above e. None of the above |
D. All of the above
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Shelf Life discribes which phase in the "Vase Life."
a. Harvesting and hadling at the production facility b. Shipping and sales c. End-User issues d. Amount of time it can sit on your shelf |
B. Shipping and sales
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According to Professor Lieth what is "Vase Life"?
a. length of time that a flower will hold up in the vase for the end-user b. time over which harvesting and handling, shipping and sales, and end-user issues occur c. the shelf-life of a plant d. all of the above e. none of the above |
B. Time over which harvesting and handling, shipping and sales, and end-user issues occur
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When shipping cut flowers, one should always
a. Precool inside of shipping box before shipping b. Maintian low temperatures c. Use Ethelyne gas d. A and B e. A,B and C |
D. A and B
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Around what temperature range should cut flowers be kept at to slow down their respiration?
a. 33F-40F b. 45F-50F c. 40F-50F d. none of the above e. all of the above |
A. 33F - 40F
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Which phase doesn’t belong after the production of ornamental plants?
a. Harvesting & handling at the production facility b. Shipping & sales c. End-user issues d. None of the above |
D. None of the above
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Which of the following would present problems in a flower cooler
a. Empty cardboard shipping boxes b. Fresh cut ungraded flowers c. Bleach d. Fruit e. Customers |
D. Fruit
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What should be done, when cut flowers are shipped ?
a. control temperature while transporting b. pre-cool inside of shipping box, before shipping c. avoid ethylene and excessive water loss d. a to c are right e. only ship as potted plants |
D. A, B and C
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Why is it important to avoid chilling-warming-chilling cycles in post production?
a. because the plants will go dormant b. it causes wilting of the plants c. because condensation occurs and can lead to diseases d. a and b e. all of the above |
C. Because condensation occurs and can lead to diseases
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What are some ways to improve the vase-life of bouquet after you bring it home to your home?
a. Maintain bouquet at a mild temperature - avoid exposing flowers to hot or very warm temperatures b. Add a "vase solution preservative" consisting of water, soda (sugar and citric acid), and a very small quantity of bleach (biocide) c. Cut off 1/2" the base of stems every 2 days to avoid vascular blockage in the stems d. Clean out vase regularly and add fresh vase solution preservative to avoid fungal and bacterial growth in vase e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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What is wet shipping?
a. Flowers are standing in water the entire time from the time after grading to the florist or end-user b. Flowers are placed in water to rehydrate c. Pre-cool inside of shipping box before shipping d. Packed tight in a box perhaps sleeved to protect the flowers |
A. Flowers are standing in water the entire time from the time after grading to the florist or end-user
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How can end users maximize the life-span of their cut flowers?
a. Recut the ends every two days b. Use a vase solution "preservative" c. Minimize exposure to wide temperature ranges d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is the desired tempertature range for most cut flower storage?
a. 0-4 F b. 0.5-4 C c. 100 K d. 65 F |
B. 0.5-4 C
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For cut flowers, which of the following is a method to prevent vascular blockage?
a. Cut the bottom 2 cm of the stem off every 2 days b. Apply a small amount of bleach to the stem before putting in the vase c. Put flowers in the fridge at night d. All of the above |
A. Cut the bottom 2 cm of the stem off every 2 days
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Which of the following is the most appropriate storage temperature for an average ornamental crop?
a. 0 C b. 10 C c. 6.5 C d. 1 C e. 15 C |
D. 1 C
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In order to prevent the development of ebolisms, it is useful to:
a. treat vase water with citric acid b. recut the stem under water c. treat vase water with bicarbonates d. All above e. Just a and B |
E. A and B
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When should we cool the cut flower after harvest
a. As fast as possible after harvest b. Before shipping c. Before saling d. Before harvest |
A. As fast as possible after harvest
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It is recommended in IPM having RH
a. More than 95% b. less than 95% c. at 100% |
B. Less than 95%
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If above 95%rh, temperature uniformity would lack.
a. T b. F |
A. True
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Why are commercial flower growers able to compete with those in South America?
a. Reduced cost of transport b. Environmental conditions require expensive greenhouse facilities c. Reduced cost of labor d. None of the above |
A. Reduced cost of transport
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What is the primary reason that the Netherlands have much more automation than the US in greenhouse production?
a. The Netherlands have much stricter policies regarding pathogens, which people more readily transmit. b. The Netherlands can contract German engineers to build their facilities, but the US lacks engineering capabilities. c. US laborers work harder to avoid being fired, because the US lacks free healthcare and other socialist services. d. Manual labor is much cheaper in the US, so the increased efficiency of the robotics is insufficient to justify their cost. e. US greenhouses are more productive, so robotics aren't needed to maximize efficiency. |
D. Manual labor is much cheaper in the US, so the increased efficiency of the robotics is insufficient to justify their cost
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What can be true about herbs?
a. Similar to bedding plants b. 4 to 8 weeks tell harvest c. multiple seeds per cell d. A and B e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Which of the following is a true statement?
a. The Netherlands has the largest greenhouse industry in the world b. Easter lilies are propagated from seed c. African Violets like a lot of water d. Surprisingly, Sprite can be used in a vase e. Both A and D |
E. Both A and D
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What solutions can be used as preservatives for cut flowers?
a. sprite b. diet sprite c. bleach d. citrus acid e. a, c, and d |
E. A, C, and D
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In a good mixture for cut flowers includes
a. citric acid b. water c. sugar d. antibacterial agent e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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True or false, Orchids are "CAM" plants and take in CO2 at night.
a. True b. False |
A. True
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What are the vase solution preservatives?
a. Sugar, Citric Acid, Biocide b. Sugar, Spice, Salt c. Sugar, Nitric Acid, Biocide d. None of the above |
A. Sugar, Citric Acid, Biocide
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Standing water and water on leaves should be avoided mostly because
a. many plant diseases thrive in standing water b. it is a general waste of water c. water on leaves will wash off PGRs and standing water may accumulate them d. it provides a water source for rabbits and rats |
A. Many plant diseases thrive in standing water
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Which negative aspect about the set up of the ENH greenhouses did Prof. Lieth in lecture mention ?
a. too less parking lots b. too less loading- / unloading area c. not the best greenhouse orientation d. a and b are right |
C. Not the best greenhouse orientation
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Hot water does not contain oxygen
a. True b. False |
A. True
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When should you put plants on a mist bench?
a. To help seeds germinate, put pots or flats with newly planted materials on the mist bench b. Put any tropical plant on the mist bench to keep the plant healthy and well hydrated c. Mist bench conditions help induce root development on cuttings or other rootless propagules d. Uncared for mist benches are ideal for growing algea, moss, and fungi e. C and D |
E. C and D
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What are the synthetic versions of Auxin?
a. GA b. IBA c. IPA d. NAA e. B-D |
E. IBA, IPA, NAA
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How do you properly remove oxalis weeds?
a. Yank from the ground in order to pull up the roots b. Cup your hand around the seed head, then tug firmly from the ground c. Use herbicide d. None of the above |
B. Cup your hand around the seed head, then tug firmly from the ground
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How long on average does a polyethylene cover last?
a. A. 10 years b. B. 1 year c. C. 3 years d. D. Poly sheets are not used in greenhouse practice |
C. 3 years
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Plants need soil
a. True b. False |
B. False
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Which isn't one of the main ways ornamental growers can reduce the height of their crop?
a. DIF b. Nutrient stress c. Nutrient toxicity d. PGR's e. root restriction |
C. Nutrient toxicity
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Orchids are capable of which type of photosynthesis?
a. CAM b. C3 c. C4 d. All of the above e. Just A and B |
E. Just A and B
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What is the unit of fertilizer recommendation and crop recommendation?
a. oz/100 gal, ppm b. ppm, oz/100 gal c. ppm, ppm d. oz/100 gal, oz/100 gal |
A. oz/100 gal, ppm
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What kind of PGR was used for Chrysanthemum PGR lab
a. A-rest b. B-Nine c. Cyocel d. Dazide e. Sumagic |
B. B-Nine
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How would you determine how to set the temperature after visible bud?
a. Bud meter b. leaf counting c. Height d. the level of phytotoxicity e. None all of above |
A. Bud meter
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What are some advantages of hydroponics?
a. Reduction in water usage b. Faster production of many crops c. Less diseases due to lack of soil and soil borne pathogens d. All of the above e. None of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is the most likely reason consumers would not have purchased our lilies?
a. Extensive phytotoxicity due to growth regulator applications b. Not enough flower buds (lilies need 4-5, we only had 2-3 per plant) c. Flowers were plain white, and customers like variety d. Plants were too tall and bloomed too early e. Pesticides that aren't approved for food production were used in the greenhouse |
D. Plants were too tall and bloomed too early
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How would you determine how to set the temperature after visible bud in lilies?
a. Height graphical tracking b. Leaf graphical tracking c. Bud ruler d. All of the above e. None of the above |
C. Bud ruler
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Most stem elongation in Easter Lily greenhouse production occurs...
a. Stage 1 FBI to Fl b. Stage 2 Fl to VB c. Stage 3 VB to Easter |
B. Stage 2 FI to VB
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When did the black cloth stop being used on the chrsanthemums?
a. when the flower buds started to show color b. on the last day of class c. before flower bud initiation d. all of the above e. none of the above |
A. When the flower buds started to show color
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Lillies that have a vernalization period of too long
a. produce less flowers b. die more quickley c. produce more flowers d. are taller e. are bushier |
A. Produce less flowers
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How many weeks of long nights are typically needed for most most Chrysnthemums?
a. 8 to 10 weeks b. 5 to 6 weeks c. 4 weeks d. none of the above e. all of the above |
A. 8 to 10 weeks
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Which hydroponic system won the cabbage race in class?
a. Rain Forest b. Eco Grower c. AeroFlo d. Gyarados |
C. AeroFlo
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Why is bulb size so important for easter lilies
a. because they are sold by the pound so larger bulbs means more money b. because they control the size and vigor of growth c. so they fit nicely in pre sized pots d. to resist the cold |
B. Because they control the size and vigor of growth
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What is a fact about our labs ?
a. no team had marketable lettuce b. all easter lillies of the PGR experiment had a damage c. the lettuce grew very fast d. in lily HGT we measured the height and counted leaves e. c and d are right |
E. C and D
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Which lily PGR treatment(s) from the class data was in the desired height range of 50-55cm?
a. S10 b. A50S c. TLS d. TLD e. c and d |
E. C and D
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Which of the following treatments are is/are way(s) to reduce plant height in lily plants?
a. Negative DIF b. Positive DIF c. Application of Topflor (a.i. Flurprimidol) d. A and C e. B and C |
D. A and C
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When does most stem elongation happen to Lilies?
a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 |
B. Stage 2
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Which of the following products was most successful at retarding lily growth?
a. Sumagic b. A-Rest c. Topflor d. B-Nine |
C. Topflor
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What was likely the cause for overshooting the target height in the lily lab?
a. Not enough PGR b. High DIF levels because of a warm winter c. Over fertilization d. Someone sabotaged the project |
B. High DIF levels because of warm winter
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Lily bulb vernalization results in a reduction in the total days to flower
a. True b. False |
A. True
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In Easter Lilies leaf count gives information about the plant's...
a. development b. growth c. phytotoxicity d. a & b |
A. Development
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In many plants, a negative DIF will:
a. Cause stem elongation b. Retard stem elongation c. Lead to an increased need for plant growth regulators d. All of the above |
B. Retard stem elongation
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Most effective B-Nine application method for mum in lab is?
a. Control b. 2500ppm Early c. 2500ppm Late d. 2500ppm Early+Late e. 5000ppm Early+Late |
E. 5000 ppm Early+Late
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Gerbera jamesonii is native plant in:
a. China b. Brazil c. Indonesia d. France e. South Africa |
E. South Africa
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which insects would attack Gerbera?
a. Leaf minier b. spider mites c. cyclamen mites d. whiteflies e. All of above |
E. All of the above
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Why are orchids produced in clear pots?
a. They have photosynthetic roots b. Clear plastic is cheaper c. It is the current 'trend' of the industry d. None of the above |
C. It is the current trend of the industry
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Why did growers used to shy away from producing gerbera?
a. Customers typically prefer roses, tulips and orchids, only buying gerbera when the selection is sparse. b. Gerbera only come in white, red, and yellow, limiting their use. c. Gerbera have to be shipped in water, which wasn't cost effective until the 1980's due to the added weight. d. If the head began to wilt and droop, there was no way to make it look healthy again. e. Diamond Leaf Borer was a huge pest, and couldn't be effectively controlled until a new pesticide became available. |
D. If the head began to wilt and droop, there was no way to make it look healthy again
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What is true about gerbera?
a. They are commonly reproduced by seeds b. They have scapes c. Use to not respond well to any amount of drought d. A and B e. B and C |
E. B and C
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Gerbera are a relatively new product grown in the US because
a. They are easy to grow b. Can compete with Importers c. People are tired of Roses d. Can be shipped dry for long periods of time |
B. Can compete with importers
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Orchids are
a. C4 plants b. C3 plants c. CAM plants d. all of the above e. none of the above |
C. CAM plants
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True of false, Gerbera is quiclky becoming the most popular potted flower in the United States
a. True b. Fales |
A. True
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What should the pH range be for Gerberas?
a. 5.5-6.2 b. 6.0-7.0 c. 5.8-6.3 d. none of the above |
A. 5.5-6.2
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Why must pH and water be strictly monitored for flowering gerbera
a. To maintain uniformity in color b. to prevent the bending downwards of scapes c. to ensure proper timing d. to limit pest damage |
B. To prevent the bending downwards of scapes
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What is true fact about gerbera ?
a. grows only in field soil b. should be handled very careful after harvesting c. needs no fertilizer to grow d. some growers built special carts to keep care about the beautiful flowers e. b and d are right |
E. B and D are right
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The recommended pH range for Gebera production is 5.5-6.2?
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Why are Gerberas purchased in the US grown primarily domestically?
a. Lower shipping cost b. Gerberas are the new freedom flower c. Gerbera vase-life is greatly improved by shipping in water rather than dry in boxes d. A and B e. A and C |
E. A and C
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True or False: Are Gerberas grown mostly in soiless culture?
a. True b. False |
A. True
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Gerbera hold what rank in terms of worldwide cut-flower use?
a. Second b. Third c. Fourth d. Fifth |
D. Fifth
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What has kept gerbera production mainly a local thing?
a. Inability to ship gerberas without significant damage or inefficiency b. Gerberas do not last long enough to be shipped from South America c. Gerberas do not like flying in planes d. South American growers do not know how to grow gerbs properly |
A. Inability to ship gerberas without significant damage or inefficiency
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What key traits have been greatly improved in Gerbera's over the last few decades?
a. Stem length b. Wilting/rewetting tolerence c. Odor d. a & b e. all of the above |
D. A and B
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Historically, an issue with gerbera production has been their inability to restore an upright position after wilting. This issue has been rectified in modern gerberas through:
a. Better mineral concentrations b. Fertilizers with more nutrients c. Plant Breeding d. GMO gerberas |
C. Plant Breeding
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What's the most crucial element in hydroponic production?
a. Oxygen b. Temperature c. Nutrient d. Relative Humidity e. Water |
A. Oxygen
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Which factors are important for hydroponics?
a. Water b. Nutrient c. Oxygen d. All of above e. None all of above |
D. All of above
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How can hydroponics go wrong?
a. Pump failure can quickly dry out and kill plants b. Improper pH and EC levels can be problematic for nutrient uptake c. High start up costs require extensive planning for making a profit d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is a disadvantage of hydroponics compared to traditional growing methods?
a. Lack of buffering can result in huge pH swings in a much shorter timeframe. b. Losing power can be much more disastrous as anaerobicity sets in quickly. c. Hydroponics uses much more water. d. Both A and B e. Both B and C |
D. Both A and B
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You find that premade nutrient solutions is too expensive, what equestion(s) could you use to produce your own fertilizer solution?
a. (x oz fertilizer/100 gal) x (% of nutrient) x (75ppm) = ppm of nutrient b. (ppm of nutrient) / (75ppm) / (x oz fertilizer/100 gal) = % of nutrient c. (ppm of nutrient) / (75ppm) / (% of nutrient) = x oz fertilizer/100 gal d. A and B e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Which of the following is least likely to be grown in a commercial hydroponic system?
a. Bell Peppers b. Strawberries c. Basil d. Iceberg lettuce |
D. Iceberg lettuce
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Which group won the lettuce race?
a. Ecogrower b. RainForest c. AeroFlo d. MegaFarm e. PowerGrower |
C. AeroFlo
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In our lettuce experiments,
a. we tried to keep the pH between 5.5 and 6.5 b. we tried to keep the EC between 5.5 and 6.5 c. we did not monitor the water d. most lettuce was overwatered. e. none of the above |
A. We tried to keep the pH between 5.5 and 6.5
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what is a good pH range for a media that has more than 20% mineral soil?
a. 6.0-6.5 b. 5.4-6.0 c. 6.0-7.0 d. none of the above |
B. 5.4-6.0
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Which of the following is incorrect about hydroponic?
a. Optimize water availability b. Optimize nutrient availability c. Optimize oxygen availability d. Optimize soil availability |
D. Optimize soil availability
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What is the most important aspect of hydroponics
a. nutrient concentrations b. water clarity c. pH d. oxygen |
D. Oxygen
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What is not a component of a hydroponic system ?
a. perlite-based b. rockwoll-based c. field soil d. aerohydroponics |
C. Field Soil
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What types of plants are typically grown in hydroponic systems?
a. ones with low nutrient requirements b. high-valued crops c. ones with altering compounds d. ones with shallow root systems |
B. High Valued crops
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What EC does half-strength Hoaglands solution have? (HINT: we used this fertilizer solution while growing the mums in hydroponics systems)
a. EC = 0.5 mS/cm b. EC = 2.5 mS/cm c. EC = 1 mS/cm d. None of the above |
C. EC = 1 mS/cm
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What are the key elements for hydroponics?
a. Optimize water availability at the root surface b. Optimize nutrient availability c. Optimize oxygen availability d. None of the above e. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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Which of the following could be considered limits to hydroponic systems?
a. Cannot apply root drenches for PGRs or pesticides b. Individual plants cannot be easily moved c. Minimal pH buffering capabilites within the system d. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is the most popular substrate for rose production in Europe?
a. A. Rockwool b. B. Coir c. C. Peat d. D. Ground soil |
A. Rockwool
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Cacti will not survive in hydroponics system
a. True b. False |
B. False
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What country besides the US has lead the way in hydro/aeroponic development?
a. China b. Netherlands c. Isreal d. b & c e. all of the above |
D. B and C
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Growers use ___ to monitor the dissolved solids concentration in hydroponic water
a. pH b. CEC c. EC d. Aeration |
C. EC
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Which is not one of the hydroponics system we use to grow lettuce?
a. PowerGrower System b. EcoGrower c. RainForest d. AeroFlo |
A. PowerGrower System
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