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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Classes of Nouns
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1. Common= Count + Mass
2. Proper 3. Abstract: a quality, an attribute, an idea, or intangible items; often employ the suffixes: -ness, -ty, -th 4. Concrete: tangible items 5. Collective: refers to one thing as members of a single unit |
1. = cat/bean + water/darkness
2. Pepsi Cola, History 110, Spanish 3. 'goodness' 'loyalty' 'truth' 5. team, tribe, class |
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partitive expressions
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enables mass nouns to be counted
- measurments, e.g. a spoonful of; a ton of - a piece of - a shred of |
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Making nouns ending with 'consonant + y' Plural
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- Change 'y' to an 'i' and add 'es'
- Exception: Proper nouns ending in 'y' |
- fly->flies; sky->skies
- Kennedy->Kennedys |
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Some nouns that end with 'o'
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- add 'es'
- check a dictionary |
- hero->heroes
- tomato->tomatoes |
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Some nouns ending in 'f' or 'fe'
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- change to 'ves'
- check a dictionary |
- wife->wives
- shelf->shelves |
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Nouns that can be either singular or plural
Look to context |
fish, deer, sheep
politics, mathmatics, news oats, ethics, headquarters data, strata, phenomena statistics, measles, shears pliers, suds |
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Plural nouns that refer to items with two parts
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- take a plural verb
- slacks, scissors, sunglasses, boxers, Daisy Dukes, trousers, britches |
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Noun's number depends on context referring to a group or individuals
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family, tribe, choir,
band, team, fraternity, class, faculty committee, staff, Congress jury |
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Classes of Nouns
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1. Common= Count + Mass
2. Proper 3. Abstract: a quality, an attribute, an idea, or intangible items common suffixes: -ness, -ty, -th 4. Concrete: tangible items 5. Collective: refers to one thing as members of a single unit |
1. = cat/bean + water/darkness
2. English, Spanish, Pepsi Cola, History 110 3. kindness; liberty; truth 4. stone, beach 5. team, tribe, class |
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Making Nouns Plural
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- add 's'
- add 'es': certain endings () |
cat->cats
'es': nouns ending in - s, ss, z, zz, x, ch, sh, tch |
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Making Nouns Possessive
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- animate() nouns= add 's'
- inanimate() nouns= 'of' structure |
- animate: person, animal or other creature
- inanimate: a thing or concept - 'fit of a suit'; 'back of the bus' |
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Pronoun defined
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A word that can be substituted for a noun, noun phrase, or other pronoun without changing the meaning of the sentence
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Classes of Pronouns
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1. Personal: substitutes for word that refers to a person()
2. Reflexive: the subject of a sentence performs an action on itself or refers to itself in some other way.() 3. Intensive: reflexive pronouns that immediately follow a noun or prounoun () 4. Relative: substitutes for the noun being modified by an adjective clause and relates that clause to the noun. 5. Indefinite 6. Demonstrative 7. Interrogative |
1. I, you, he, she, it, we, they
2. = personal pronoun + 'self' or 'selves' 3. "I myself painted that picture." |
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Relative Pronouns
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defined: connect adjective or noun clauses to other elements of a sentence.
who/whom: refers to people what which: refers to animals, things, or collective nouns referring to persons that: refers to animals or things or people |
'The boy WHO was here is my brother"
"The boy (the boy was here) is my brother" The person to WHOM you were speaking is the captain. The person (you were speaking to the person) is the captain. The dog THAT bit me was a family pet. |
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Indefinite Relative Pronouns
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Defined: they introduce noun clauses; they have indefinite antecedents
- who/whoever - whom/whomever - what/whatever - whichever |
WHOEVER gave you that book did not give you the right one.
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Using Relative Pronouns to Introduce Nominal Relative Clauses
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Defined: relative pronouns are used as noun substitutes
- who/whoever - whom/whomever - what/whatever - which/whichever - that |
"Everyone knew WHAT I WANTED FOR MY BIRTHDAY."
"WHOEVER WINS THE RACE will receive the prize." |
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Singular Indefinite Pronouns
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- each/either/neither
- anybody/ everybody/ nobody/ somebody - anyone/ everyone/ no one/ someone - anything, everything, nothing, something - one - another, other - much, little Prepositional phrases following indefinite pronouns usually do NOT influence the verb number () |
EACH (of the puppies) WAS healthy.
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Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns
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In cases involving a fraction or percent and the words:
- all, most, more - part, some, such - rest, any, none The verb will be singular if bulk or a total number or amount is intended (mass noun), and plural if numbers are considered (count noun) () |
Thirty percent OF THE WATER is contaminated. (mass noun, so singular)
Thirty percent OF THE PROFESSORS are members of the organization. (count noun, so plural) Some OF THE APPLES are spoiled. (count noun, so plural) Some OF THE SOUP is cold. (mass noun, so singular) |
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Plural Indefinite() Pronouns
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- both, few
- many, others, several |
Indefinite pronouns are words that are substituted for nouns without referring to a definite person, place, or thing.
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Gender and Indefinite Pronouns
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Indefinite pronouns and noun phrases preceded by indefinite determiners (each, every, any, either, etc.) requre the singluar masculine pronoun form (he, his, him).
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EACH student must do HIS own work.
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Demonstrative Pronouns
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Defined: point out particular persons, places, or things, even though they may not be named directly
this, that these, those Substitutional Pronominal |
Subsitutional
- THIS is the way to kick a football. - THAT is a new coat. Prenominal - THIS apple is really good. - THAT woman is a fine speaker. |
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Interrogative Pronouns
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Defined: are used in asking questions
- who, whom, whose - what, which |
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