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28 Cards in this Set

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Rhyme

General effect: Makes the text memorable and can make poems amusing. Can tie together ideas in the middle and end of verses.




Examples: cat and hat, egg and beg, ink and pink, boo and true, soap and dope.

Rhythm

General effect: Makes the text as a whole more memorable and makes it flow better.




Examples:

Enjambment

General effect: Enjambment may also be used to delay the intention of the line until the following line and thus play on the expectation of the reader and surprise them.

Alliteration

Makes small sections of the text hang together and flow better. Draws our attention to ideas in this phrase. Creates a harder or softer mood in line with the meaning (hard consonants are b d k p q t, soft are f h j l m n r s v w y z, while c and g can be either hard or soft).

Assonance

General effect: Makes small sections of the text hang together and flow better. Draws our attention to ideas in this phrase. Repetition of vowels generally gives a soft, quiet, calm mood unless the sounds are the short vowels, e.g. in cat, pet, pin, off, cup.

Onomatopoeia

General effect: This helps us hear the actual sound being named and therefore we understand it properly or it transports us to the place of the sound. This allows us to visualise the action in greater detail – builds an impression for the reader.

Repetition

General effect: This is used to emphasize whatever is being said or written, or to mimic repetition in nature.

Simile

General effect: All imagery gives the person/animal/thing being described the characteristics of something else. It therefore enlivens descriptions by helping us to see these people/animals/things in a new light – in a way we may

Metaphor

General effect: have never seen them or thought about them before. Metaphors are more compact and tighter in their comparative description than similes

Personification

General effect: In addition to the above, personification makes inanimate objects seem lively and lifelike while it also contributes to our sense of oneness with these inanimate objects. To give an object qualities of an animal/human, is to associate the object with the connotations of that animal/human action

Choice of words

General effect: Sometimes, more unusual words provide more specific meaning than common ones. Specialized or technical words make it seem like the writer/speaker really knows the topic. Word choice can also build mood.

Word Choice - Connotations

General effect: The connotations of a word can emphasise a character’s thoughts/feelings, or can develop meaning within a text. Word choice can also help to develop a certain mood or tone within a text.

Use of slang

General effect: Grounds the text in informality as well as a certain social group and period of time.



Pun

General effect: Provokes amusement and therefore a tendency for the reader to feel good about the company/product and possibly to buy the product. If used by a character, shows that that character is rather clever and witty.

Hyperbole

Used for emphasis to get a point across. Also illustrates something of the tone of the speaker/writer.

Rhetorical question

General effect: To get the readers’/audience’s attention and make them think about the answer before giving it.

Use of commands Imperatives

General effect: To catch people’s attention, whether it’s another character in a narrative or the audience listening to a speaker. We are socially conditioned to obey commands so the advertiser or speaker may get some affirmative response.

Use of first and second person pronoun

General effect: First person: Gives immediacy to the text – the author or character makes a direct connection with the reader / audience. The emotional qualities of the text / character are more available also – the internal life of the author or character. “We” in a speech involves the audience with the speaker (“We all know that violence is wrong”).




Second person: In speeches and adverts, this direct address to the listeners/viewers involves them and may challenge them to respond, even if only mentally. In narrative, the use shows interaction between characters.

Symbolism

General effect: These are a form of shorthand to emotions – an author can use a symbol so that the reader / audience understands the emotions invested in the object without describing those emotions every time the object is used. Provides the reader with a visual (actual or mental) aide-memoire – something that conjures up certain memories and/or emotions or qualities when s/he sees the symbol.

Euphemism

General effect: Amusement in the reader, or revealing of the character of the person using it (kind-hearted or sarcastic or squeamish, for example).

Listing

General effect: Shows the extent of or emphasizes the topic/object/event being discussed/described; shows the author’s wide knowledge of the topic

Sarcasm

General effect: If referring to the narrator’s sarcasm, this can mean their emotions and attitudes are ones of disdain or contempt or revulsion or dislike or bitterness.

Irony

General effect: Irony can be used to effectively give a reader insight into a character’s personality. Most forms of irony display a disparity between what the characters think can, should, or will happen and what actually transpires.

Use of numbers /statistics

General effect: A specific number or statistic gives the impression that the speaker/writer is authoritative and knowledgeable.

Use of authority figures

General effect: The reader / viewer aspires to share the goals of (and use the product promoted by) the personality.

Quotation/ Figures of Authority

General effect: A quotation will add some of the authority of the original author to the current speaker/writer.

Jargon

General effect: The use of jargon can indicate the audience for a piece of writing – whether the writing is for a select group. It can also be used in an elitist manner – to exclude people from understanding the meaning of the text.

Foreshadowing

General effect: Foreshadowing creates tension as it gets the reader guessing as to what might happen.