Fallacies

Front 1

Pathos Appeal

Back 1

-Relies on Feelings

-Essence is Passion

-Dramatic examples

-uses control over tone & connotation

Front 2

Ethos Appeal

Back 2

-Writer's character is basis for appeal

-person is integrity, knowledge, and good moral character

-appeals to sense on how people should behave

Front 3

Logos Appeal

Back 3

-series of reasonable observations and a conclusion to establish reliable claim or position

-appeals to common sense and intelligence

-cannot be solely relied on because lacks emotional appeal and ethical appeal

Front 4

Fallacies

Back 4

-errors in logic

-these weaken arguments and need to be eliminated

Front 5

Emotional fallacies

Back 5

unfairly appeal to the audience's emotions

Front 6

Ethical fallacies

Back 6

unreasonably advance the writer's own authority and character

Front 7

Logical fallacies

Back 7

depends upon faulty logic

Front 8

Oversimplification

*emotional

Back 8

provides easy answers to complicated questions, often by appealing to emotions rather than logic

Front 9

Red Herrings

*emotional

Back 9

uses misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion

Front 10

Example of Red Herring

Back 10

"COC should pave the staff parking spots behind the office. Besides I can never find a parking spot on campus anyway"

misleading

Front 11

Example of Oversimplification

Back 11

The painting is worthless because I don't recognize the artist.

Front 12

Scare Tactics

*emotional

Back 12

Try to Frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threatening then or predicting unrealistically dire consequences

Front 13

Example of Scare Tactics

Back 13

If you don't support the party' tax plan, you and your family will be reduced to poverty.

Front 14

Ad Populum/ Bandwagon

*emotional

Back 14

encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so

Front 15

Example of Ad Populum/ Bandwagon

Back 15

Paris Hilton carries a small dog in her purse, so you can buy a hairless Chihuahua and put it in your Louis Vuitton

Front 16

Glittering Generalities

*emotional

Back 16

emotionally - appealing words that are meant to evoke action. Words sound great, but have no real reasoning behind or support for claim.

Front 17

Example of Glittering Generalities

Back 17

Words like freedom, honor, and Democracy.

Front 18

False Authority

*ethical

Back 18

asks audience to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion.

Front 19

Example of False Authority

Back 19

My high school teacher said X, so it must be true.

Front 20

Using Authority Instead of Evidence

*ethical

Back 20

someone offers personal authority as proof

Front 21

Example of Using Authority Instead of Evidence

Back 21

Trust ME, my bff wouldn't do that.

Front 22

Failing to Accept the Burden of Proof

*ethical

Back 22

assertion of a claim without presenting a reasoned argument to support it. The author just makes bold statements that he asserts to be true and goes on making them

Front 23

Guilt by Association/ Transfer

*ethical

Back 23

calls a person's character into question by examining the character of the person's associates

Front 24

Example of Guilt by Association/ Transfer

Back 24

Amy, Sara's friend, robbed a bank; therefore, Sara is a delinquent

Front 25

Name Calling

*ethical

Back 25

arguments attack a person's character rather than that person's reasoning.

Front 26

Example of Name Calling

Back 26

X is not good enough to be this because they frown too much and is short.

Front 27

Lying

*ethical

Back 27

When Hitler says: "If you say a lie often enough, people will begin to believe it.

Front 28

Plain Folks

*ethical

Back 28

an approach that politicians use too make a candidate seem like an everyday person in order to seem more trustworthy and credible

Front 29

Example of Plain Folks

Back 29

X may be famous, but when he/she talks about his family, they are just like any other mother or father.

Front 30

Hasty Generalizations

*logical

Back 30

draw general and premature conclusions from scanty evidence

Front 31

Example of Hasty Generalizations

Back 31

I wouldn't eat at that restaurant - the only time ate there, my entree was undercooked.

Front 32

Faulty Causality

*logical

Back 32

arguments confuse chronology with causation: one event can occur after another without being caused by it.

Front 33

Example of Faulty Causality

Back 33

Eating 5 candy bars and drinking 2 sodas before a test helps me get better grades. I did that and got an A on my last test in history.

-doesn't explain how much they studied and how easy the test was.

Front 34

Stacked Evidence

*logical

Back 34

represents only one side of the issue, thus distorting the issue. the author only selects evidence that supports his argument. no opposition.

Front 35

Example of Stacked Evidence

Back 35

Cats are superior to dogs because they are cleaner, cuter, and more independent.

Front 36

Circular Reasoning

*logical

Back 36

writer simply restates the claim in a different way; such an argument is circular: trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea.

Front 37

Example of Circular Reasoning

Back 37

These movies are popular because they make so much money. They make a lot of money because they are popular.

-No proof

Front 38

Repetition

*logical

Back 38

drums the message into the target audience's subconscious by repeating key words or phrases over and over until resistance to the message weakens, and the target audience eventually accepts it

Front 39

Pinpointing the Enemy

*logical

Back 39

a person often tries to find an enemy, real or imagined, to attack. This unites everybody against the enemy and encourages them to stop viewing the person as the enemy. Creates a scapegoat.

Front 40

Rhetorical Question

*logical

Back 40

when a a person peppers his/her speeches with questions which he/she intends to answer himself. Not wanting listeners to answer them because he/she doesn't want them to think for themselves.