• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/74

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Assumption of Composition
The scholarly approach that conjectures that a word is built from different morphemes as opposed to each word being stored as a single chunk. For example, unhappy is stored in the lexicon with un separate from happy instead of having a single memorized form of unhappy.
Morpheme:
The smallest unit of language which has a meaning or grammatical function. Quickly has two morphemes. Quick and ly.
Root:
Morphological term for the most inner layer in a multi-morphemic word. The root is the most basic stem.
Stem
A morphology term for an inner layer in a multi-morphemic word. The stem is what the affixes attach to.
Affix
a bound morpheme that can be attached to a root to form a new word. Prefixes, infixes, and suffixes are all types of affixes
Suffix
A bound morpheme that can be attached to the end of the root. Infix: A bound morpheme that goes inside another morpheme
Derivational
characterized by inflections indicating a semantic relation between a word and its base
Inflectional
The syntactic term for a phrase with slots for the subject and predicate
Syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Synthetic Language
Languages with more morphemes per word than other languages
Analytic Language
Languages with less morphemes per word than other languages
Suppletion
historical process where two or more previous distinct morphemes are combined into one lexical item For example, the modern word bad has worse and worst as it’s comparative and superlative form.
Expansion
The syntactic quality that allows for the possibility of an infinite addition of phrases. Example// A sentence that includes multiple noun/verb/or prepositional phrases
Ablaut
A vowel alternation in a verb to mark different verb forms such as the past of the participle. The internal change in ring, rang, and rung would be an example of ablaut.
Nesting
The syntactic quality that allows one phrase to fit inside another. This quality is expressed with the XP and Y bar structure. Ex//A prepositional phrase or adjective phrase that fits inside a noun or verb phrase
Structural Ambiguity
The concept that a string of words can have two meanings based on the different possible hierarchical organizations of its parts. The units therefor have different constituencies. These types of sentences could have two different syntactic trees corresponding to two different meanings
Parse
Disassembling phrases to better understand their structure. A sentence can be separated into difference constituents. Like noun phrases, verb phrases, or prepositional phrases.
Constituency
The organizational quality of one unit being represented by another unit higher up in the hierarchy. An XP represents constituents underneath it’s in the syntactic tree. For example, in the deep blue pool, the two adjectives can be arranged into two different constituencies-either the (deep blue) pool or the (deep) (blue) pool.
Locatives
Function morphemes used to locate nouns in time and space. Examples from English include after, on, by, and under.
Universal Grammar
The species specific biological endowment for building a mental grammar. It includes the mental blueprint for the mental grammar, including both principles and parameters.
Principles
The basic qualities that all human languages share. These are part of the universal grammar. For example, all human languages have systems for the lexicon, phonology, and morphology/syntax.
Headedness Parameter
A variable constraint that allows the head of the phrase to come first or last within the phrase. For example, in English the determiner comes before the noun but in other languages in the noun comes before the determiner.
Lexical ambiguity
The concept that a phonetic form could be homophonous with another and be associated with more than one meaning in a phrase. A bat hit me in the phase could be interpreted two ways. A wooden stick hit me in the face and a small flying animal hit me in the face.
Dative alternation
The predicate pattern that alternates between an indirect object construction and a double-object construction. The patterns produced are either: Subject, Verb, Direct Object to Indirect object such as “She gave the shrimp to the octopus.” The other pattern is Subject, Verb, Indirect Object, Object, as in “she gave the octopus the shrimp”
Inflectional Phrase
The syntactic term for a PHRASE with slots for the SUBJECT and PREDICATE. The HEAD of an inflectional phrase is the verbal inflection, which is often phonetically null in English
Parataxis
the many connected parts are laid out parallel to each other.
Hypotaxis
largely has a main phrase and then one or more subordinate phrases
Complementizer
The HEAD OF A PHRASE used to generate a NODE that connects another PHRASE to a subordinate INFLECTIONAL PHRASE. A word like that is a complementizer in the sentence “the ice cream that I dropped
Null subjects
A SUBJECT that is phonetically empty, but the VERB is still conjugated as if there were an overt SUBJECT in the sentence. The English language does not allow null subjects.
Pragmatic Knowledge
Information outside the language that influences interpretation. This information is used to figure out the meaning of utterances.
Discourse
A collection of utterances. A single conversation, medical discourse, and legal disclosure are all examples of discourse.
Speech Act
An utterance with a purpose. For example, “could you help me” is a request, and “you are on fire” is to inform
Deixis
The quality of referring to variable reference meanings while maintaining a stable grammatical role. It allows for the specific reference of the pronoun to change depending on the content of the word’s usage. For example, the pronoun I refers to the speaker, but it’s immediate meaning in any given context depends on who the speaker is. Most words do not have this quality.
Cooperative Principles
The basic principle we generally follow in discourse. It is the basic understanding that people who converse say things that help each other communicate.
Conversational Maxims
General tendencies people follow in conversations
Non-sequitur
An utterance that does not follow the flow of discourse. An example would be a friend saying “ice cream” after being asked about last night’s game
Conversational Implicature
This word is taken from the combination of Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary elements of utterances in discourse. The conversational Impliciture does not come from the lexical items themselves, but instead the meaning is taken from what words by that speaker suggest in that context. If you say “I went home and played video games” the implication is that the events happened in that order. This meaning is plucked from the conversation as a whole.
Time order implicature
a type of conversational implicature that suggests the chronological ordering utterances mirrors the chronological ordering of the story. For example, “Wesley studied, took his test, and played video games” implies that he did the events in that order.
Fulcrum Implicature
A type of conversational implicature in which what is implied relies on the maxim of relation for the illocutionary meaning to be understood. Example: Lucy asks “can anyone fix my computer” and Zach replies “the computer is down the street” His answer implies that the computer shop can fix her computer.
Diversion implicature
a conversation implicature in which the speaker flouts on conversational maxim to supply the implied meaning through another. Ex// My chemistry professor enriched my soul with his lecture this morning. The student is flouting the maxim of manner to violate the maxim of quality
Direct speech act
When the illocutionary meaning matches the locutionary meaning of an utterance. If a sister says to her brother “that shirt is ugly” the locutionary meaning and the illocutionary meaning are the same.
Indirect speech act
An utterance in which the locutionary and the illocutionary meaning do not match up. For example, when getting reading for a party you are asked “are you really wearing that to the party?” the Locutionary meaning is I am questioning whether you are wearing that or not. The Illocutionary meaning is probably “that outfit is ugly, you shouldn’t wear it. “
Performative Speech Act
Uttering the word completes the action of the speech act. “I promise not to eat all your nutella” Using the verb promise in this context completes the action of promising.
Performative Verb
The verb required for a performative speech act. They complete their actions as they are spoken. Examples include promise, accept, bet, christen, pronounce.
Floor
This time period is the attention given to a speaker by a listener. In formal debates, a leader turns over the floor to a recognized speaker
Discousre Marker
Words that are not part of the content of a conversation but direct the conversation. They are like road signs when driving, helping us make turns in the conversation. Examples include well, actually, like, however.
Discourse Like
Inserting like into utterances as a turn marker, as a device to focus the listener’s attention, an approximator, or another discourse function.
Filler
Words used by speakers to hold the floor in what would otherwise be silence. Used when planning the next step in a conversation. Example: Ummm
Face
The realm of personal value one holds in the context of society. Your dignity and your social prestige are tied to your conversational face.
Positive Face
The desire to be approved, liked, and admired by others. Greeting a friend with “you look great today” would be an example of a positive face.
Negative Face
The desire not to be impeded in what you do. Imposing in someone’s face triggers repairs in conversations. Example: sitting in a restaurant a stranger asks if he can borrow a dollar. This impacts your negative face, because your time and attention is redirected to a stranger.
Repairs
A repair is made when you try to fix a threat to someone’s face. For example, if you ask someone for the time, you might begin with Excuse me to eliminate the face threatening act.
Communicative competence
The knowledge in the mental grammar that guides people through conversations. It includes such information as when to talk and when to listen.
Rhetorically Correct Perspective
Judging language as good or bad based on how the language works in a specific context.
Prescriptively Correct Perspective
The outlook on language assumes that any utterance should be judged against a single, unwavering set of conventions. In making a judgement, it assumes that one certain form of language always works better and that this form must be protected from variation.
Content validity
The measure of the extent to which a test assess the material it is supposed to test. For example, an English test that asks biology questions would not be a very good assessment of English and would have poor content validity
Pet Peeves
is a minor annoyance that an individual identifies as particularly annoying to them, to a greater degree than others may find it.
Prescriptivism
The support or promotion of prescriptive grammar
Descriptivism
The support or promotion f descriptive grammar.
Standard Englishes
refers to whatever form of the English language is accepted as a national norm in an Anglophone country. It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling.
Teaching Grammar
Explanation of patterns of language for non-native speakers. They explain language regulations like “adjectives come before nouns” They also supply vocabulary and exercises to practice.
Prescriptive Grammar
A collective of social fashion advice for genre conventions. This is provided to enforce certain stylistic choices. They underlying assumption is that language is sick and needs to get better. Example: don’t end a sentence with a proposition.
Descriptive Grammar
A book written for linguists who want to learn how a language works. It does not judge utterances in terms of social fashion, but it may explain the social norms surrounding the language. Example: a descriptive grammar of English should explain the usage of the word aint as a negative, presents tense form of be, and should note that the form is often stigmatizes.
Mental Grammar
The place in the mind where language happens. The software of language running on the hardware of the brain. Human babies create this from the interaction between universal grammar and language in the environment.
Language Acquisition:
This refers to the process where babies use their universal grammar and the language information in the environment to build a mental grammar for their language
Sound Stage
The first stage of language acquisition where infants must learn to determine human sounds from non-human sounds like dogs barking or toys making noise.
Word Stage
The second stage of language acquisition where children begin to obtain and comprehend whole words and fit them into their appropriate lexical categories.
Phrase Stage
Third stage of language acquisition. This phase overlaps with the word stage. When children begin to combine words and morphemes to form phrases.
Lifespan Language Change
This refers mostly to the phonological change that occurs after the language acquisition period has ended
Inner Circle
The circle that contains all the nations where English is the native language of a majority of speakers. Canada, England, Scotland
Outer Circle
The circle that contains the nations where English has become an important official language learned natively or formally by many residents. Nigeria, South Africa
Expanding Circle
The circle of English that contains the countries where there is already a strong presence from a national language(s) , but where English is learned as a foreign language to be used in business or academia
Synchronic Variation
Variation in language at one point in time. This could be between different regions or different social groups. For example, parts of the united states use trash can and others use garbage can. In England this object is a dustbin
Diachronic Variation
variation in language at two points in time. For example, in old English which was spelled hwich.