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313 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is the author of "Morte Darthur"? |
Thomas Malory (c. 1405-1471)
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Who is the author of "Henry V"?
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William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
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Who is the author of "Idylls of the King"?
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Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
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Who is the author of "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came"?
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Robert Browning (1812-1899)
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Who is the author of "Lancelot in Hell"?
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John Ciardi (1916-1986)
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Who is the author of "1914 V. The Soldier"?
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Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)
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Who is the author of "They"?
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Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967)
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Who is the author of "Break of Day in the Trenches"?
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Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)
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Who is the author of "Dulce et Decorum Est"?
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Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)
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Who is the author of "Recalling War"?
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Robert Graves (1895-1985)
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Who is the author of "La Belle Dame sans Merci"?
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John Keats (1795-1821)
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Who is the author of "Goblin Market"?
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Christina Rossetti (1830-1894)
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Who is the author of "Paradise Lost"?
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John Milton (1608-1674)
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Who is the author of "Doctor Faustus"?
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Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
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Who is the author of "Frankenstein"?
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Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
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Who is the author of "The Hobbit"?
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J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973)
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Who is the author of "The Sandman"?
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Neil Gaiman (1960- )
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Who is the author of "Beowulf" (the graphic novel)?
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Gareth Hinds
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Who gave the "Speech to the Troops at Tilbury"?
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Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
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Who wrote "The Faerie Queene"?
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Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
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What kind of poems are both "Dream of the Rood" and "The Wanderer"? (one word)
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Elegiac.
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How does "The Wanderer" differ from "Dream of the Rood" in terms of solutions to human loss and mortality?
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The degree to which Christianity is integrated.
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What is "The Wanderer" about?
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The speaker is in exile because his lord is dead; he contrasts his past joys with his present loneliness.
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In "The Wanderer", the framing of his lament suggests that a wise man will reflect on what, and in what terms?
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Transitory nature of human life, in Christian terms.
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In "The Wanderer", the word "metud" (Measurer) is translated to mean what?
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God.
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What is often the antonym to "metud" (Measurer)? Why?
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"wyrd". Because 'wyrd' means an uncontrolled fate subject to nature while 'metud' means a controlled (measured) fate subject to a Christian God.
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What is the significance of the word "wyrd" in "The Wanderer"?
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wyrd represents life outside the halls (in chaos); it is used to oppose "metud", which represents life inside the halls (in safety).
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What two places are contrasted in "The Wanderer"?
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Nature: wintry, cold, hostile, and unsafe; and the Hall: warmth, companionship, comfort, safety.
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What literary device is used in "The Wanderer" and what is its purpose?
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Alliteration; serves to connect lists of things lost through repetition (e.g. Hwær cwom mearg? Hwær cwom mago? Hwær cwom maþþumgyfa?)
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What is "Ubi sunt"?
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Latin poetic phrase meaning "Where are/is..."; now refers to a poetry motif that deals with meditation on mortality and life's transience.
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In poems like "The Wanderer" and "Dream of the Rood", what is the solution that is presented for the answer to lamenting loss?
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Christianity.
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What happened in Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica" of c. 731?
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It described a conversation with the Saxon King Edwin regarding the adoption of Christianity; proposes that it's a comforting answer for the unknown on either side of life (compares it with a sparrow flying through the great hall with a few seconds of safety inside and the unknown through its entrance and exit on either side). i.e. It is nicer to think of the unknown as controlled by a measurer (Metud) in certainty than by chaotic fate (wyrd).
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Does "Dream of the Rood" express religion?
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Yes. Explicitly Christian.
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How does "Dream of the Rood" express culture at the time?
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Anglo-Saxon culture romanticized heroism by the strength and prowess of warriors; it characterizes Jesus as a Beowulf figure that "climbs onto the cross" rather than being feebly nailed to it as a sufferer.
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What kind of literary device is used in "Dream of the Rood"?
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Word choice; Christ is described with words including: hero, warrior, king, lord, strong and resolute.
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How does the end of "Dream of the Rood" relate to the end of "The Wanderer"?
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"Dream of the Rood" ends "This transitory life and carry me / To where there is great bliss and joy in heaven..." and continues "There is" with a description of the warmth and joy in Heaven. It acts as a response to the "Where is" (Ubi sunt motif) and the elegiac "here is ... transience" of "The Wanderer".
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When older literary works are transformed under new mediums for a modern audience, what is that called?
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Remediation.
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What is the Ruthwell Cross?
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The Ruthwell Cross had runic lettering (unusual for Christian monument) that read similarly to part of "Dream of the Rood"; materialized Christian poem in Anglo-Saxon media.
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What are three types of literary translation?
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Language (Old English to modern English), form (verse to prose), and media (oral to written to graphic).
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What is an important literary device in Old English poetry, and what does it do?
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Alliteration; connects two verses (half-lines) through repeated consonants.
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Who is the author of "Morte Darthur"?
|
Thomas Malory (c. 1405-1471)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Henry V"?
|
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Idylls of the King"?
|
Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came"?
|
Robert Browning (1812-1899)
|
|
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Who is the author of "Lancelot in Hell"?
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John Ciardi (1916-1986)
|
|
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Who is the author of "1914 V. The Soldier"?
|
Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)
|
|
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Who is the author of "They"?
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Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Break of Day in the Trenches"?
|
Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Dulce et Decorum Est"?
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Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Recalling War"?
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Robert Graves (1895-1985)
|
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Who is the author of "La Belle Dame sans Merci"?
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John Keats (1795-1821)
|
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Who is the author of "Goblin Market"?
|
Christina Rossetti (1830-1894)
|
|
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Who is the author of "Paradise Lost"?
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John Milton (1608-1674)
|
|
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Who is the author of "Doctor Faustus"?
|
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
|
|
|
Who is the author of "Frankenstein"?
|
Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
|
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Who is the author of "The Hobbit"?
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J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973)
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Who is the author of "The Sandman"?
|
Neil Gaiman (1960- )
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Who is the author of "Beowulf" (the graphic novel)?
|
Gareth Hinds
|
|
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Who gave the "Speech to the Troops at Tilbury"?
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Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
|
|
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Who wrote "The Faerie Queene"?
|
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
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|
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What kind of poems are both "Dream of the Rood" and "The Wanderer"? (one word)
|
Elegiac.
|
|
|
How does "The Wanderer" differ from "Dream of the Rood" in terms of solutions to human loss and mortality?
|
The degree to which Christianity is integrated.
|
|
|
What is "The Wanderer" about?
|
The speaker is in exile because his lord is dead; he contrasts his past joys with his present loneliness.
|
|
|
In "The Wanderer", the framing of his lament suggests that a wise man will reflect on what, and in what terms?
|
Transitory nature of human life, in Christian terms.
|
|
|
In "The Wanderer", the word "metud" (Measurer) is translated to mean what?
|
God.
|
|
|
What is often the antonym to "metud" (Measurer)? Why?
|
"wyrd". Because 'wyrd' means an uncontrolled fate subject to nature while 'metud' means a controlled (measured) fate subject to a Christian God.
|
|
|
What is the significance of the word "wyrd" in "The Wanderer"?
|
wyrd represents life outside the halls (in chaos); it is used to oppose "metud", which represents life inside the halls (in safety).
|
|
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What two places are contrasted in "The Wanderer"?
|
Nature: wintry, cold, hostile, and unsafe; and the Hall: warmth, companionship, comfort, safety.
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|
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What literary device is used in "The Wanderer" and what is its purpose?
|
Alliteration; serves to connect lists of things lost through repetition (e.g. Hwær cwom mearg? Hwær cwom mago? Hwær cwom maþþumgyfa?)
|
|
|
What is "Ubi sunt"?
|
Latin poetic phrase meaning "Where are/is..."; now refers to a poetry motif that deals with meditation on mortality and life's transience.
|
|
|
In poems like "The Wanderer" and "Dream of the Rood", what is the solution that is presented for the answer to lamenting loss?
|
Christianity.
|
|
|
What happened in Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica" of c. 731?
|
It described a conversation with the Saxon King Edwin regarding the adoption of Christianity; proposes that it's a comforting answer for the unknown on either side of life (compares it with a sparrow flying through the great hall with a few seconds of safety inside and the unknown through its entrance and exit on either side). i.e. It is nicer to think of the unknown as controlled by a measurer (Metud) in certainty than by chaotic fate (wyrd).
|
|
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Does "Dream of the Rood" express religion?
|
Yes. Explicitly Christian.
|
|
|
How does "Dream of the Rood" express culture at the time?
|
Anglo-Saxon culture romanticized heroism by the strength and prowess of warriors; it characterizes Jesus as a Beowulf figure that "climbs onto the cross" rather than being feebly nailed to it as a sufferer.
|
|
|
What kind of literary device is used in "Dream of the Rood"?
|
Word choice; Christ is described with words including: hero, warrior, king, lord, strong and resolute.
|
|
|
How does the end of "Dream of the Rood" relate to the end of "The Wanderer"?
|
"Dream of the Rood" ends "This transitory life and carry me / To where there is great bliss and joy in heaven..." and continues "There is" with a description of the warmth and joy in Heaven. It acts as a response to the "Where is" (Ubi sunt motif) and the elegiac "here is ... transience" of "The Wanderer".
|
|
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When older literary works are transformed under new mediums for a modern audience, what is that called?
|
Remediation.
|
|
|
What is the Ruthwell Cross?
|
The Ruthwell Cross had runic lettering (unusual for Christian monument) that read similarly to part of "Dream of the Rood"; materialized Christian poem in Anglo-Saxon media.
|
|
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What are three types of literary translation?
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Language (Old English to modern English), form (verse to prose), and media (oral to written to graphic).
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What is an important literary device in Old English poetry, and what does it do?
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Alliteration; connects two verses (half-lines) through repeated consonants.
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What is shown in these lines? Oft Scyld Scefing ... sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum, ... meodosetla ofteah,
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2 alliterative stresses in first half-line, and 1 in second (typical for Old English patterns of alliteration).
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What literary device do Old English poets use to alliterate concise ideas? What kind are often used?
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Compound nouns; used to combine two nouns. Kennings compound nouns use metonymy and metaphor (e.g. whale-road = sea).
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What is an important theme in Beowulf?
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Kingship; what makes a good king.
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In Joseph Campbell's "Hero with a Thousand Faces", what was proposed regarding heroism?
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The monomyth; a fundamental structure to heroes unchanged through cultures and time: call to adventure, road of trials, achieving the goal, return to the ordinary world, application of the boon (hero improves world with what was gained).
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In Joseph Campbell's hero examples, how do self-knowledge and altruism implicate an honour/shame culture like Beowulf?
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Self-knowledge and altruism are seen as good kingship; shame is being greedy or ignorant.
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What is the role of pride in Beowulf?
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Pride is seen as heroic; Beowulf boasts about his achievements and the narrator praises Beowulf's eagerness for fame and honour.
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What does Grendel's rage towards the glory of Heorot (the hall) symbolize?
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Sorrow follows joy.
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Is Beowulf a religious story?
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There are pre-Christian and Christian influences (e.g. wyrd/fate of sword in cave, burial of Scyld Scefing, prophecies of Geats).
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When were the Viking sagas recorded?
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Several centuries after the Viking age (870-1000)
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What are the characteristics of a saga?
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Prose, rare description (existance shows importance), straightforward/plain, more concerned with "real" history.
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What kind of hero do Viking sagas depict?
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Independent farmer-settlers.
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What was the dominant religion in the sagas?
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Between Christianity and Paganism; Gudrid doesn't want to take part in pagan ceremony and Thorhall asserts his Gods are better than Christ.
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What role did skaldic poetry have in the sagas?
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Authenticating devices; poetry was thought to preserve historical truth.
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What literary devices did skaldic poetry use?
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Alliteration and Kennings (e.g. "the skilled hawk of the sand-heaven" = ship).
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What does the naming of places at Vinland emphasize in the Viking sagas?
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Colonial aspect
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How are "skraelings" seen in the Viking sagas?
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Partly like them, partly "Other" (both want trade, but misunderstanding leads to hostility).
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Is there a difference in the role of women in the Viking sagas versus Anglo-Saxon stories like Beowulf?
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Yes; women in the sagas have more prominent roles; e.g. long descriptive passage afforded to a "wise woman".
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In what century might have King Arthur originated?
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5th or 6th.
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What kind of theme does King Arthur defend in his earliest appearances?
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Nationalism for Britain and Christianity against non-Christian, Saxon invaders.
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How do portrayals of King Arthur change through time?
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King Arthur goes from a Beowulf-like figure to a hero strained by romance.
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What did the word "Romance" originally translate from Latin to mean?
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Texts written in the vernacular dialects.
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How did romance translations change the focus of Arthurian stories?
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Concentrates on individual knight who acts for women (or, in the Grail quest, God). Also brotherly bonds.
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Which author showed a particular fondness for Lancelot, along with medieval French adaptations?
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Thomas Malory in Morte Darthur.
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Who wrote a preface in the first printing of Malory's Morte Darthur, and what did it say?
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William Caxton, c. 1485; offered the story as an example of moral code and chivalry in particular.
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What does chivalry literally mean?
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Horse-mounted (knight).
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What sources did Malory use for Morte Darthur and what effect did this produce?
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Both English and French sources, producing combination of chronical-history (King and warfare) and romance (individuals, love, spirituality).
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How did Malory see the role of love/romance? What term did he often use to describe it?
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"Out of measure". He saw romance/love as a disruption and source of confusion against brotherly bonds and loyalty.
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Why do characters in Morte Darthur refuse to follow fate? What are some examples?
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Serves as a warning for ignoring prophecies and God's will. Examples: Arthur pulling and re-pulling sword from stone; marrying Guinevere; fighting Mordred.
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How does Malory describe the Romans whom Arthur fights?
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"Other"; he describes them as giants and saracens.
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What kind of shift does the Grail Quest indicate in Morte Darthur?
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A shift from mortal conquest to spiritual conquest.
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What are Malory's feelings about Knights on spiritual quests?
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Malory spends a lot of time describing Arthur's predictions that most of his friends will fail and die; shows Malory's dubiousness of Knights being appropriate for such quests.
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Why do the majority of Arthur's knights fail the Grail Quest? How many succeed?
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Spiritual impurity. 3.
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How does Malory address fate and free will in Morte Darthur?
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He treats destiny as inescapable; resists blaming Lancelot's affair; calls Arthur's fight with Mordred "wicked day of destiny" even though Arthur was warned by prophecy of his death.
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What is the earliest surviving record of Morte Darthur?
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The Winchester Manuscript, c. 1470-1483
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Who is Uther Pendragon in the story of King Arthur?
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Arthur's father, King, appears to Lady Igraine as her husband, sleeps with/rapes her, she conceived Arthur, he kills her husband, marries her as himself, tells her it was him who slept with her (then everything is A-OK that she is having Arthur and not her dead husband's baby and she doesn't feel guilty anymore).
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What happens to baby Arthur in the story of King Arthur?
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King Uther gives him to Merlin as promised for his help, and Merlin gives him to Sir Ector who raises him.
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After Uther dies, how is the King determined in the story of King Arthur?
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Merlin gathers everyone and tells them to try pulling the sword from the stone; the hilt says who ever succeeds is rightful King.
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How does Arthur find out he is rightful King?
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His brother in his adoptive family needed a sword, Arthur ran back to get one and pulled the sword from the stone.
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How much Arthur prove that he is rightful King?
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He repeatedly draws the sword from the stone until everyone believes him, and he defeats those who resist.
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What is Excalibur?
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Not the sword in the stone. It is a separate sword that he got from the Lake.
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Who does Arthur marry? Who warned him against it, and why?
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Guinevere. Merlin, because he knew Guinevere would have an affair with Lancelot.
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Who comes to Arthur's kingdom to collect payment of tribute? What does Arthur do?
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Emperor Lucius of Rome. Arthur says that Rome is his and they should be paying him tribute, so he fights them and wins.
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Who is Galahad to Lancelot?
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His son, conceived by Elaine when she appeared to Lancelot as Guinevere.
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What happens to Galahad in the story of King Arthur?
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Raised in nunnery; becomes one of King Arthur's knights, sits at "Siege Perilous", a seat destined for him at Round Table; is one of three who complete the Grail Quest; requests to die and goes to heaven.
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Who reveals the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere to King Arthur?
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Agravaine and Mordred (Mordred is sometimes told as Arthur's son with his half-sister).
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What happens to Lancelot and Guinevere when their affair is revealed?
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Guinevere is sentenced to be burned at the stake, Lancelot saves her and kills his former comrades, Guinevere lives in a nunnery, Lancelot escapes to the country. Arthur forgives Guinevere and she regrets her affair. Lancelot becomes a monk and dies holy.
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Who does Arthur charge with returning Excalibur to the lake?
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Bedivere.
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What was Elizabeth I known for?
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Deliberately crafted her image on which she built propaganda for nationalism.
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Who were Elizabeth I's parents?
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King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
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Under what image did Elizabeth I brand herself?
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"The Virgin Queen"; likened to saintliness.
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How did Elizabeth I preserve her power?
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She played potential suitors off against each other, never marrying.
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What was John Knox's opinion of female rulers?
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His opinion was that women are inferior to men, and likened them to the blind leading those who can see.
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What did Elizabeth I say in her speech to her troops at Tilbury in 1588?
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She opens by saying she is not a tyrant and therefore doesn't fear being amongst her subjects, that she is a "weak and feeble woman" but that she has "a heart and stomach of a King", promised that if anyone invaded, she would take up arms herself and fight with them.
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What literature reinforced Elizabeth I?
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"The Faerie Queen" by Edmund Spenser, about Arthur and his knights but references Glory as The Fairie Queen (Elizabeth I); also includes a female knight that represents chastity.
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What 6 symbols did Elizabeth I use to reinforce her brand/image in her portraits?
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1. Pelican: feeds its children with own blood (self sacrifice for Kingdom). 2. Phoenix: rises after death from its own ashes (rebuilding a dynasty). 3. Sieve: story of woman proving virginity by carrying water in sieve and not spilling a drop. 4. Pearls: purity. 5. Maps/globes: symbol of imperial power. 6. Serpent: wisdom.
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How does Shakespeare interpret English victory against the French at Agincourt in 1415?
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A sign of God's favour
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How did Kenneth Branagh interpret the 1944 film, "Henry V"?
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He saw that non-chivalric or non-wholesome lines were cut from Shakespeare's original, expressing no doubts about good v. evil; that it was about the fight against Hitler and the hero was what society needed.
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What is "Idylls of the King" about?
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Adaptation of Morte Darthur (Malory) and other Arthurian texts after 19th century saw renewed interest in Middle Ages.
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Why was interest in the Middle Ages renewed in the 19th century?
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Post-Industrial revolution, there was romance and idealism in the magic and imagination of the past.
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How did Tennyson primarily see women?
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As either "good" or "bad".
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How did Victorian culture shape Tennyson's emphases in "Idylls"?
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Negative treatment of Guinevere and other women; duty and bond between men; mistrust of sensuality/passion.
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What ideals did Victorian culture use in WWI?
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Victorian ideals of chivalry (Tennyson chivalry) in imperialism and education.
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In Tennyson's "Elaine and Lancelot", how is Elaine compared to her brother, Lavaine?
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Elaine lives in fantasy and has no outlet for her love.
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In Tennyson's "Elaine and Lancelot", how is Guinevere portrayed?
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Unworthy of both Arthur and Lancelot; capricious, jealous, sensual, selfish.
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How does Tennyson describe the attraction Elaine has toward Lancelot?
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Physical attraction; Tennyson emphasizes Lancelot's desirability.
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How does Tennyson allow Elaine to assert herself?
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Through her death; and her repeated use of personal pronouns.
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What poetic form does Tennyson use in "Idylls"?
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Blank verse: non-rhymed iambic pentameter.
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What is a "foot" in poetic verse?
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a section of structures stress in metered verse.
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What is an iamb?
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unstressed syllable followed by an stressed syllable; opposite of trochee (e.g. "be-HOLD")
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What is iambic pentameter?
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Iambic lines (lines built with iambs), with five iambs to each line (e.g. "beHOLD the GREAT new LEAder TRUE")
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Which three literary devices are important to use in blank verse?
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Caesura, End-Stopped, Enjambment
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What is Caesura? What types and locations are there?
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A dramatic pause or break in a line of poetry; masculine follows stressed syllable, feminine follows unstressed syllable; beginning of verse = initial, middle of verse = medial, end of verse = terminal.
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What is an end-stop?
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A line is end-stopped if there is a pause at the end of it before continuing to the next line (often has punctuation, like a comma or period)
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What is enjambment?
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A line has no pause at the end but instead continues onto the next line.
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How does Tennyson use caesuras?
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To break up lines about Guinevere, turning them to short phrases, suggests lightness of mind and character. He also uses them with Arthur, to emphasize action words.
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How does Tennyson use stress to contrast Arthur with Guinevere?
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Run-on masculine stress "But/ Arth/ ur" initiates switch from Guinevere to Arthur.
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What is alliteration?
|
Repeated initial consonant sounds (e.g. "The big bad biker").
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What is consonance?
|
Repeated consonant sound anywhere within a word (e.g. a'll' one wi'll'; hor'd'es ma'd'e a realm and reigne'd'; pi'tt'er pa'tt'er).
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What is assonance?
|
Repeated vowel sounds (e.g. great king came with a spade).
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What devices are used in Tennyson's last half of the last line; "and made a realm and reigned"?
|
iambic meter, caesura (initial, medial, and terminal), assonance, consonance, alliteration.
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What is repetition and how is it used?
|
Repeated phrases or words; used to built effect (e.g. Elaine's "and there" and "at me" repeats).
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What is a feminine rhyme?
|
a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable at the end of a line of verse (fumbling, tumbling).
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What is a masculine rhyme?
|
a single stressed syllable at end of a line of verse (met, jet; behold, foretold).
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What is free verse?
|
verse without structure by meter or rhyme.
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What is metonymy?
|
a noun re-assigned to mean something else (e.g. Hollywood means the film industry, Wall Street means the financial sector, The Crown means the government/monarch).
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What is metre in poetry?
|
the structured pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
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What is onomatopoeia?
|
a word that sounds like what it means (e.g. splat, clash, crash, shrieks).
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What is personification? What is it also known as?
|
when an object or concept is given human attributes; prosopopoeia.
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What is a simile?
|
When two things are compared with words "like" or "as" (e.g. black like coal).
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What is scansion?
|
Marking where stress falls in verse (/ = stress, u or ~ = unstressed).
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What are the five main feet structures in metered verse?
|
iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, spondee.
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What is a trochee?
|
stressed followed by unstressed syllable; opposite of iamb (e.g. "JA-cket"
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What is an anapest?
|
two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (e.g. un-der-STAND).
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What is a dactyl?
|
one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables; opposite of anapest (e.g. "DES-per-ate", "BROOK-haus-er").
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What is a spondee?
|
Two stressed syllables (e.g. "DEAD-SET", "FAIR-FIGHT")
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What literary devices did Robert Browning use in "Childe Roland"?
|
enjambment, rhyme, iambic pentameter with reverse of iamb (to trochee) followed by spondees and caesuras for emphasis.
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What kind of rhyme does "Dulce et Decorum Est" use?
|
Feminine ("fumbling", "stumbling").
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What kind of rhyme does Robert Browning use in "Childe Roland"?
|
Masculine ("met", "set", "yet"; "flame", "frame").
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What is metaphor?
|
Referring to something by calling it something else, without using "like" or "as" like a simile. (e.g. "I was a hungry hippo").
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What literary devices did John Ciardi use in "Lancelot in Hell"?
|
free verse; alliteration, metaphor, enjambment, onomatopoeia.
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What literary devices did Shakespeare use in "Henry V"?
|
Iambic pentameter, repetition, caesuras, end-stops and enjambment.
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In Isaac Rosenberg's "Break of Day in the Trenches", the line of verse, "Droll rat, they would shoot you if they knew / Your cosmopolitan sympathies", is an example of what?
|
Personification (of the rat).
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With what mood did Tennyson end "Idylls of the King"?
|
A battle caused despair, but ended with a sense of hope.
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With what mood did John Ciardi end "Lancelot in Hell"?
|
There was no hope at the end, only despair.
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What did Ciardi do by ending "Lancelot in Hell" with despair?
|
He rejected traditional ideals of heroism, war, and chivalry; suggested that battle is not for love but only for brutality and petty man-to-man challenges.
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What poetic devices does Ciardi use to underline despair?
|
Alliteration, onomatopoeia, enjambment, caesuras.
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What poetic device does Tennyson use to underline chaos?
|
Repetition (of "and") and alliteration compares opposites, underlines despair and chaos. (e.g. For friend and foe were shadows in the mist, / And friend slew friend not knowing whom he slew; And some had visions out of golden youth, / And some beheld the faces of old ghosts")
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What poetic device does Tennyson use to underline hope?
|
Spondees (e.g. "AND the NEW SUN ROSE BRINGing the NEW YEAR")
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What kinds of single-syllable words attract stress?
|
Nouns, verbs, adverbs (i.e. "important" words).
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When would conjunctions, pronouns, prepositions, and linking verbs attract stress?
|
Only if the next syllable is unstressed and the following is stressed.
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What can free verse be used to underline?
|
Chaos, alienation, confusion, despair.
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What a register in poetry?
|
The level of language/diction used.
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How does the register influence "Lancelot in Hell"?
|
Mundaneness of battle is expressed using a lower register of diction (e.g. "axes 'donged'", "we 'banged' like 'tubs'"); deflation of chivalry and deflation of honour in battle.
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What is extended metaphor and how is it used in "Lancelot in Hell"?
|
Repeatedly referring to something as something else (to liken it to it). Guinevere is called a mare, referencing misogyny in traditional poetic treatment of her character.
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What did Robert Browning's "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came" suggest in terms of Victorian ideals?
|
Disillusionment with chivalric ideals in works like Tennyson's "Idylls of the King".
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How does the environment in Childe Roland suggest the mindset of the speaker?
|
Dead, warped, confused environment reflects disillusionment with what is supposed to be beautiful.
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|
How did Allen J. Frantzen's book, "Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War", link the middle ages with WWI?
|
He suggested middle age ideals of chivalry, prowess, upholding king's honour, defence of the weak was a perfect model for WWI soldiers.
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How did Sir Henry Newbolt describe military roles in "Vitaï Lampada"?
|
He likened them to school sports; teamwork, comradery, and sportsmanship.
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How did Robert Brooke describe militarism in "1914 V. The Soldier"?
|
He followed the traditional ideals of nationalism, chivalry, honour.
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Why might Robert Brooke's opinion of war be so positive, compared to other WWI fighting poets?
|
Brooke died before the full conflict took place.
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What was Siegfried Sassoon's position on the war?
|
He didn't disagree with the practical realities of war, but disagreed with the political reasons that soldiers were being sacrificed in war.
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What does Siegfried Sassoon do in his poem, "They"?
|
He compares the idealistic view of the Bishop with the realistic views of the soldiers, ending with ironic line by the bishop, "the ways of God are strange."
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What does Isaac Rosenberg do in his poem, "Break of Day in the Trenches"?
|
He reflects on the grimness of fate ("bonds to the whims of murder") during war.
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|
What does "Dulce et decorum est" mean?
|
"It's sweet and right", short for Horace's line, "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori", meaning "It's sweet and right to die for country".
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|
What does Wilfred Owen do in his poem, "Dulce et decorum est"?
|
He describes the horrible details of trench warfare, and ends by saying that "dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" is a lie.
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|
When did Robert Graves write his poem, "Recalling War", and what does he do in the poem?
|
Just before WWII, it was a reflection of WWI; he emphasized that soldiers are children, boys, but when they get older and know what war is, they still see a future of "more boastful visions of despair".
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From where did drama (plays) originate, and what were they called?
|
Churches, liturgical.
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|
How did public play performances influence public perception of symbolism?
|
It allowed people to see props transform; e.g. tree into cross.
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|
How were plays seen in the Elizabethan era?
|
Puritans (majority of London) saw it as unholy; "playing God for stage"; banished it from the City; regulated by license.
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|
What were two important precursors to Elizabethan stage?
|
Medieval cycle dramas (biblical events series), and Everyman/Morality dramas (man's personified vices compete).
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|
What was the play, "Castle of Perseverance" known for?
|
The original "Good Angel" v. "Bad Angel" theme (morality drama).
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|
On what do both cycle dramas and morality plays focus?
|
Final judgement.
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|
How did "Castle of Perseverance" influence "Doctor Faustus"?
|
Good Angel v. Bad Angel theme; Vices v. Virtues theme.
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|
Like what were Elizabethan stages built to look?
|
Miniature coliseums / amphitheatre.
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|
Why were elements of slapstick humour used in early modern plays?
|
To appeal to "groundlings", viewers who stand on the ground around the stage.
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|
How is humour used in "Doctor Faustus" to highlight a serious point?
|
Wagner tries to make a summoned Clown his servant; fails (metaphor for Faustus's foolishness).
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|
How were female characters portrayed in Elizabethan stage, and what effect did this have?
|
They were played by boys or men in drag; audience was aware it was men, so plays were written with this awareness (Faustus asks for a wife, but can only be given a devil dressed like a wife).
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|
What is it called when plays are written with awareness of stage format?
|
Meta-theatricality.
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|
|
What is a pageant in Elizabethan stage?
|
Spectacle; usually historical or moral.
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|
How did Shakespeare use meta-theatricality in "The Tempest", and what question does it raise?
|
"These are actors... like the globe itself" (references people as actors and globe as both world and Globe Theatre). Who directs the plays of life?
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|
Who was John Calvin (1509-1564)?
|
Theologian who believes in predestined fate; asserts free will is limited as fate will always remain the same.
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|
How did Calvinism affect Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus"?
|
Explores free will, morality, predestination; Good Angel gives directions, but they don't matter if fate is predetermined; Evil Angel: "But Faustus will never repent".
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|
What is the important difference between the A text and the B text when the Angel asks Faustus to repent?
|
A text: "If Faustus can repent" (Calvinist), B text: "If Faustus will repent" (Free will).
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|
|
In the prologue of "Doctor Faustus", what is the significance of Icarus who flies near the sun and melts?
|
Faustus, Frankenstein, and Icarus all seek to go beyond their natural place, leading to dire consequences.
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|
How might the audience perceive Faustus's disregard and disposal of religious and philosophical texts?
|
Faustus was "Doctor"; books were expensive; props would have been fake books (audience knew); caused reflection on whether too much education is bad.
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|
How might the audience see Faustus's desire for more books on magic and less on philosophy?
|
Faustus is "ravished" with desire; the God he serves is his own appetite; shows how desire can turn one into a glutton; pursuit of pleasure, not knowledge.
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|
|
What conclusions might the audience make from the limitations of Mephistophilis's services?
|
Everything Mephistophilis provides is spectacle; not real; can never answer who created life.
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|
What pageant does Lucifer stage for Faustus? How does this affect him? How should it?
|
Seven deadly sins. Faustus is delighted. He should be scared to end up like one of them.
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|
|
How does Faustus use his powers?
|
He uses for frivolous purposes and spectacle; conjures Alexander the Great and the King, knowing it's fake, decides it's real.
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|
|
How might meta-theatricality play out in Faustus's conjuring of Alexander the Great?
|
Danger of spectacle (of theatre); convince us that what we are seeing is real, even when we know it's just spectacle.
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|
|
What is an example of meta-theatricality and the audience's fear of magic and dark theology?
|
Casting "spells" on stage; the audience might have been scared an actual demon would be summoned.
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|
|
How did Faustus treat Catholicism?
|
Made fun of Catholic theatricality (spells and ghosts), yet ironic that he used theatricality to do it.
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|
|
What is a ballad?
|
A narrative poem, often set to music.
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|
|
What common Scottish motif does "Tam Lin" use?
|
Falling for a fairy lover.
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|
|
How did John Keats treat the ballad form in "La Belle Dame sans Merci"?
|
It was a re-interpretation of form and setting (medieval setting; wrote it as a poem, not to song; form close to ballad meter).
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|
|
How were ballads traditionally recorded?
|
Orally; then later written.
|
|
|
How is the fairy world viewed in traditional folk stories?
|
a place of seduction and delight; often dangerous to mortal men.
|
|
|
When John Keats wrote "La Belle Dame sans Merci", what figure was society becoming interested in?
|
Vampires.
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|
|
How does "La Belle Dame sans Merci" call to mind vampires?
|
archaic word use, medieval setting, "femme fatale" theme; vampires were viewed as seducers.
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|
|
What are some symbols in "La Belle Dame sans Merci", and what do they call to mind?
|
"pale face and rosy cheeks" - both desired beauty but also symptoms of tuberculosis; "manna" - biblical food given to Israelites to reach holy land; "fragrant zone" - belt; "lily" - death.
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|
|
How does "La Belle Dame sans Merci" reference music?
|
"No birds sing" at the start/finish, but in the middle a "fairy song"; the most joyful parts are during song, the most depressing are songless.
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|
|
What is a refrain?
|
A repeated line (or set of lines).
|
|
|
What is the usual ballad meter?
|
Four iambic lines, with ABCB rhyming, rhyming lines shorter.
|
|
|
What poetic devices are used in "La Belle Dame sans Merci"?
|
refrain ("on the cold hill side"), ballad rhyme, four semi-iambic lines, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia (zone / moan) (underlines knight's intoxication).
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|
|
What kind of literature is "Tam Lin"?
|
Ballad (poem)
|
|
|
What happens in "Tam Lin"?
|
Janet goes to a forbidden place, meets an elf, comes back pregnant, returns to elf, he says he was a man but was turned into an elf by a fairy, gives her instructions on how to save him, she does it, angers the Fairy Queen.
|
|
|
What do roses represent in "Tam Lin"?
|
Sex.
|
|
|
Janet goes to Carterhaugh against warnings, claiming it as her own; what might this mean?
|
Claiming her own sexuality.
|
|
|
What does the colour green symbolize in "Tam Lin"?
|
Both sex and regeneration (both pre- and post-Christianity).
|
|
|
When Janet throws a fiery Tam Lin into the well, what does this symbolize?
|
Baptism.
|
|
|
When Janet goes back to Carterhaugh, why is Tam Lin upset?
|
She appears to be seeking an abortion.
|
|
|
What kind of role-reversal is shown in "Tam Lin"?
|
Maiden saving Knight.
|
|
|
How is Janet's character seen in "Tam Lin", given the socio-religious context of the story?
|
Symbols mean both sexuality and salvation, making Janet a positive figure.
|
|
|
What does the fairy song, manna, and enchantment symbolize in "La Belle Dame sans Merci"? And what does the draining life force means?
|
Symbolizes otherworldly imagination and desire. Draining of the life force is a warning against desire and female temptation.
|
|
|
In what medium is the story "Frankenstein" written?
|
novel.
|
|
|
In the 1910 silent film, Frankenstein sees the Creature when looking in the mirror. What does this mean?
|
"Doubling": the Creature is a mirrored reflection of Frankenstein.
|
|
|
How do modern films change the them in "Frankenstein"?
|
They create a horror theme, rather than philosophical theme related to Creation and morality.
|
|
|
Why does the Creature kill in the film v. the novel?
|
Film: He is an evil monster. Novel: Because he is damaged from being abandoned.
|
|
|
What do both Frankenstein and the Creature have in common?
|
Both value education.
|
|
|
In what context was "Frankenstein" written?
|
Mary Shelley was the daughter of two great thinkers, her husband was a poet, and they lived with Lord Byron and held writing competitions. "Frankenstein" was her ghost story contribution.
|
|
|
Who helped edit "Frankenstein"?
|
Mary Shelley's husband, Percy.
|
|
|
The sub-title of "Frankenstein" is "The Modern Prometheus". What does this mean?
|
It's an allusion: a reference to the story of Prometheus, a titan who created man, stole fire and gave it to man, and then was punished and tortured by Zeus for eternity.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the "Paradise Lost" quote at the start of the novel?
|
It's an epigraph: meant to introduce a work; also used as intertextuality.
|
|
|
What is intertextuality?
|
The practice of literature referring to other existing literature.
|
|
|
How was Prometheus perceived to Romantics in Shelley's time?
|
He was considered a hero, and a rebel.
|
|
|
How might Prometheus and Frankenstein be similar?
|
Both rebelled against society to create human life, both suffered for it.
|
|
|
What does the novel have in common with the Creature?
|
The novel is "stitched" together with intertextual references, like the Creature is "stitched" together.
|
|
|
When does intertextuality become significant?
|
When literature is orchestrated to form a conversation or frame a theme.
|
|
|
Why does Mary Shelley's epigraph skip the part when Adam learns to appreciate God's goodness?
|
Because Frankenstein, unlike God, never offers goodness to his creation; the Creature never has anything to appreciate.
|
|
|
Who does Frankenstein compare himself to?
|
Satan, the fallen angel.
|
|
|
How does Captain Walton think of Frankenstein?
|
He thinks of him as a fallen angel, suggesting a Romantic view of Satan (damnable but rebellion is attractive).
|
|
|
What does Frankenstein and Walton's crew frame in oppositional terms?
|
Seeking knowledge/adventure v. the domestic.
|
|
|
What is literature that is broken into several narratives?
|
Epistolary
|
|
|
What is a foil in literature?
|
A character whose actions highlight the inner self of the (usually) protagonist.
|
|
|
Who is the foil in "Frankenstein"? Why?
|
Frankenstein is a foil to Walton, because Frankenstein has the education that Walton never got; but Walton is just as curious.
|
|
|
What are the two common themes between "Frankenstein" and "Doctor Faustus"?
|
Focus on education, dangers of pursuing science; and the idea of fate and destiny.
|
|
|
What Romantic influences are there in "Frankenstein"? What is the word for its focus?
|
Romance writers often refer to nature and natural world's beauty, which is often referenced. "Sublime".
|
|
|
How does the Creature in "Frankenstein" compare to the Grendel in "Beowulf"?
|
Both are outsiders and jealous of the safety, warmth, and joyous domesticity of the insiders; but the Grendel starts evil while the Creature becomes hardened over time (hardened heart).
|
|
|
What is the difference between Frankenstein's final conclusion and the Creature's?
|
The creature acknowledges his wrongdoing, and Frankenstein sees no fault in himself.
|
|
|
From what social context did Cristina Rossetti come?
|
19th century devoutly religion Victoria era (pre-Raphaelite).
|
|
|
What themes are in "Goblin Market"?
|
Female model of heroism; good sister resists temptation, bad sister is one who's not reined tightly enough.
|
|
|
What poetic devices are used in "Goblin Market"?
|
Simile, rhyme and slant-rhyme, masculine and feminine rhyme, repetition of rhyme.
|
|
|
What does simile do in "Goblin Market"?
|
Creates forward motion.
|
|
|
What do Laura's decisions echo in "Goblin Market"?
|
The fall of Eve.
|
|
|
How do women become heroes in "Goblin Market"?
|
By restraint and by resisting temptation.
|
|
|
What does the list of fruit do to the reader in "Goblin Market"?
|
Before the reader is told not to listen to the Goblins, they've already been tempted with the fruits.
|
|
|
What is carpe diem poetry?
|
"Seize the day" - meaning to take it while you still can.
|
|
|
What was essential for Gaiman to create the Sandman graphic novel series?
|
Collaboration; he collaborated with many artists and stakeholders at DC.
|
|
|
How is Joseph Campbell's "Hero's Quest" narrative played out in "The Sandman"?
|
Dream must seek out his tools to take back his territory.
|
|
|
In Gaiman's series, what gives the Endless their powers?
|
Belief in them by people.
|
|
|
How does Gaiman use intertextuality?
|
He references modern literature, historical literature, mythology, and historical figures (other DC character, Faustus, John Dee, etc.)
|
|
|
Who is John Dee in reality?
|
He was the alchemist in the court of Elizabeth I who people suspected of magic.
|
|
|
Gaiman references other works and criticizes their what?
|
Metanarrative (grand narrative common to all); e.g. "Milton said it and he was blind."
|
|
|
Who is the hero in Milton's "Paradise Lost"?
|
Christ.
|
|
|
Since the Romance period, who have readers considered to be a hero in Milton's "Paradise Lost"?
|
Satan.
|
|
|
What does C.S. Lewis say about Milton's ability to predict future readership?
|
He says Milton would never have predicted an audience that trusts the words of Satan at face-value.
|
|
|
How does Gaiman portray characters in "The Sandman" series?
|
There is confusion of morality; Lucifer looks like David Bowie, Dream looks Goth, and Death looks cute.
|
|
|
How does Gaiman's Dream compare with Milton's Satan at the end of each story?
|
Dream accepts his role, while Satan reigns in hell (instead of serving in heaven).
|
|
|
How do Gaiman and Milton differ on the merits of mind power?
|
Milton warns against it because Satan's choices are damnable; while Gaiman's Dream rebuilds everything with mind power.
|
|
|
Who is the foil to Gaiman's Dream?
|
Lucifer. Light v. dark, immoral v. moral, hell depends on dreamers; everything depends on the mind.
|
|
|
How did Milton see the role of censorship?
|
With censorship, there can be no foil for good; can only know good if bad is known.
|
|
|
Who is Tom Shippey?
|
An academic expert on Tolkien.
|
|
|
In what context was "The Hobbit" written?
|
Tolkien had been a solider in WWI. Bilbo represented domesticity and goodness (Britain), thrown into unexpected and unwanted adventure (war). It's about retaining "the hobbitness".
|
|
|
What kind of register is used in "The Hobbit"?
|
It starts with a low register, and has points of higher register when things get intense and when Bilbo needs to be decisive; it has interruptions by the speaker.
|
|
|
How did Tolkien's essay "On Fairy Stories" influence fantasy fiction?
|
Tolkien said fantastic ideas needed to be written as if true, for world-building.
|
|
|
What traditions influenced "The Hobbit"?
|
Beorn (shapeshifter; Scandinavian); his hall (Heorot; Beowulf); riddles (Anglo-Saxon); sword names; eagles.
|
|
|
How did Bilbo's world domesticate traditional influences?
|
Beorn's treasure was food, not gold; his sword was called "Sting" (not an epic hero type name).
|
|
|
How did Tolkien treat the goblins' inventions? Why?
|
He said they were likely to have been used for bad purposes, in the name of progress; shows a distrust of industrial age machinery.
|
|
|
What does Thorin's death mean for him?
|
His redemption. He is a better warrior than king.
|
|
|
What is the message with Thorin's rise and fall?
|
Power corrupts.
|
|
|
What is the main way Peter Jackson is changing "The Hobbit" in his films?
|
Emphasis on heroism as opposed to emphasizing Bilbo's ordinary domestic qualities.
|
|
|
On the final exam, after the passages are identified, what are the four points to cover?
|
1) Form, 2) Context, 2) Importance/Why Interesting in relation to the work, 4) How it relates to themes in course (what - so what).
|
|
|
What is the most important thing to remember when writing the first section of the final exam?
|
Analysis of text, not description. (Why motive matters, why rhyme scheme matters, etc.). |
