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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Contrastive pragmatics
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Branch of pragmatics which studies two languages in terms of their pragmatic similarities and differences
Focuses on cultural breakdowns and pragmatic failure aka Cross-Cultural Pragmatics |
The article by Hassall studied how Australian learners of Indonesian make requests in comparison to how Native Speakers of Indonesian make requests
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Interlanguage Pragmatics
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A branch of pragmatics which specifically deals with how Non-Native Speakers comprehend and produce a speech act in a target language and how speakers' pragmatic competence develops over time
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Pragmatic Failure
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Miscommunication; the inability to understand what is meant by what is said
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Ex: (sociopragmatic failure)
Mom: Thank you for babysitting Jimmy! Grandpa: [gets offended] Why ar eyou thanking me for taking care of my own Grandson!? |
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Pragmalinguistic failure
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Pragmatic failure that is cognitive and results from miscommunication due a language's use/grammar
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Cara: Dr. Burt, I'm going to miss class today because my Grandpa died.
Dr. Burt: Oh no, I'm sorry. Cara: Don't be sorry--it's not your fault. |
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Sociopragmatic failure
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Pragmatic failure that is more social and brings about miscommunication as a result of differences in social ideas/relations betwen speakers--not pragmatic failure due to the language itself
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Mom: Thank you for babysitting Jimmy!
Grandpa: [gets offended] Why ar eyou thanking me for taking care of my own Grandson!? |
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Dissonance
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A circumstance in which speakers use a linguistic action in a way that hearers perceive as grammatical but conflicting with the flow of the conversation
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When Russian speakers of English say "of course" when they are asked if they know the way to Wal-Mart
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`Pragmatic transfer
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The transfer of pragmatic knowledge in situations of intercultural communication
Speakers apply knowledge from their native language to a second language |
Ways in which speakers respond to a compliment (If the speaker accepts the compliment, he may be seen as lacking modesty; if speaker rejects the compliment, he may be seen as rude)
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Positive transfer
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Type of pragmatic transfer in which the linguistic interference results in acceptable/correct language production
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The use of cognates
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Learner identity
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The learner's sense of self; considered subjective in that no one has a single, unchanging self but rather a de-centered identity composed of multiple selves
Can take on new IDs in interactions with others |
Language learner may take on a different identity when conversing with a professor as opposed to when conversing with a friend
Introverted vs. Extroverted language learners |
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Learner Investment vs. Motivation
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Learner investment describes the relationship of the learner to the changing social world and takes into account that the language learner has a complex social ID
Learner motivation describes the fixed reasons one has to learn a language (ie to get a job) |
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Learner agency
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The learner's ability to communicate that is a result of his/her identity
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Authentic Discourse
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Non-staged, non-elicited speech (naturally occurring)
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The requests we used in our research project
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Conversational interaction
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Conversation in which the interaction is not very tightly scripted, but it may be structured
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The conversation interactions people usually employ when they run into an acquaintance at the mall (Hey! How have you been? Good, you? Good, etc.)
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Institutional interaction
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Conversation in which the same kind of conversational move crops up again and again in each situation (but it may be phrased differently each time)
Typically has a script of functions that have to be completed Very structured |
Job interview (very similar questions are employed in each interview)
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Elicited conversation
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Any conversation staged for the purpose of data collection
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If you are doing a study on how individuals respond to compliments, you can approach many individuals with a specific compliment so as to elicit a response
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Role play
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Language learning activity in which participants take on social roles different from their own
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(ENG344) Non-Native English Speakers went through dialogue they would encounter in a shoe store
(Hello, I would like to buy some shoes; Okay, what kind of shoes are you looking for? Running shoes; etc.) |
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Discourse Completion Task
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Written forms that are used in linguistic/pragmatic studied which call for examinees to:
a) read a written situation and then b) write what they would say in the situation |
(Prompt)
1. I find linguistics interesting. [] Really? I find it very boring. [] Me too! I love reading about linguistics. [] That's cool. [] Wow! I didn't know anyone liked linguistics. |
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Rejoinder
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A statement/acknowledgement of a question, request or comment
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Speaker: Can I use your milk?
Addressee: Of course (rejoinder) |
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Pragmatic Consciousness Raising
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A way to improve learners' pragmatic competence that asks them to find variations in context-based situations
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Asking a learner to analyze speech acts collected to find patterns in how to respond politely to compliments given in English
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Head act
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The central speech act of an utterance
Does not include the supporting acts |
a Request (as opposed to the grounder --> which is a supporting act)
a Demand |
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Alerter
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Word/phrase a speaker uses to gain the attention of the addressee
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Saying "Hey" or the addressee's name before a request
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Conventionally indirect
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Referring to the object of the speech utterance/context
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How about cleaning up the kitchen?
Could you clean up the kitchen, please? |
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Non-conventionally indirect
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Partially referring tot he object of the speech utterance depending on contextual clues
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You have left the kitchen a mess!
I'm a nun. (in response to a persistent hassler) |
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Supportive move
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Elements/statements that are used to support the head act
Can be used to soften/support a request |
Could you turn up the heat? I'm really cold
(I'm really cold = the supportive move) |
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Adjacency pair
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Turn taking in which the first utterance provokes the second turn
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A greeting that starts with "Hey!" provokes the addressee to respond with some variation of "Hey!"
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Politeness strategies
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Strategies used to formulate messages in order to save the hearer's face when face-threatening acts occur
4 main types: bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, of-record |
Saying "I'm really cold." (OR)
in place of "Turn up the heat." |
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Mitigation
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Politeness/face-saving strategies present in a speech act
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In requests, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record statements are used with the intention of lessening imposition/saving face, whereas bald on-record requests are not considered to have mitigation
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Internal modification
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Any modification in speech that speakers make that are present within the head act
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Ex: Indonesian speakers who are learning English say "ya" after making a request
Ex: Changing pitch/intonation within a sentence (WHY are you here? vs. Why are YOU here?) |
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External modification
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Any modification in speech that speakers make that are added onto the head act
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Speakers may use Grounders in a request (device for giving reasons for why the request is being made)
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Social distance
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Describes the distance in relation between different groups/individuals in society
Includes family members, strangers, acquaintances, friends, employees/employers, co-workers, etc. |
You communicate differently with a stranger than you do with a family member
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Rank of imposition
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Refers to the importance or degree of difficulty
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In requests, a large rank of imposition would occur if you were asking for a big favor, whereas a small rank of imposition would occur when the request is small
Ex: In Spanish, high ranks of imposition require more formal/complex language structures |
