Energy Production & Utilization

Front 1

Mg2+ deficiency

Back 1

Impairs virtually all metabolisms b/c ATP can neither be made nor utilized in adequete amounts

Front 2

Muscle Work/Mechanical Work

Back 2

Myosin head engaes with actin at multiple sites
Myosin head has an ATP binding site and is an ATPase
ATP binds to myosin disociates with actin and hydrolyzes
Myosin binds Ca2+ and reassociates with actin in new position

Front 3

Anabolic Reactions

Back 3

Synthesis of DNA and metabolites
Biosynthesis

Front 4

Active Transport

Back 4

Delivery of nutrients and building blocks

Front 5

Heat Production

Back 5

Maintance of a constant body temperature

Front 6

ATP Production

Back 6

Oxidation of fuels (proteins, cho, fats) to CO2
Fuels are highly reduced
e- lost during oxidation go into formaiton of ATP

Front 7

ATP

Back 7

High energy phosphate bonds
Release of 1st bond Gamma (7.3) - ADP
Release of 2nd bond Beta (6.6) AMP

Front 8

Release of energy

Back 8

Is coupled to other biological processes
Hydrolysis - ATP + H2O > ADP + pi
Synthesis - ADP + Pi > ATP + H2O

Front 9

Acetyl CoA

Back 9

Thioester bond
Intermediate between glycolysis and TCA
Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA

Front 10

Creatine Phosphate

Back 10

High energy phosphate bond
Stored in muscle

Front 11

Order of energy use in muscle

Back 11

Creatine Phosphate - ATP stored in muscle - Glycogen

Front 12

Summary of how work is fueled

Back 12

Body work fueled by synthesis of ATP - Coupled to body's energy need's - coupled to food metabolism

Front 13

Catabolism

Back 13

Breakdown
Produce energy
Gothrough Oxidation

Front 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 14

Most efficient ATP production
Oxygen reduced to water
Phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

Front 15

Mitochondria

Back 15

ATP factory
Outer Membrane - permeadble to anions and small molecules
Inner - impereable to almost evrything; houses the ETC and ATP synthesis

Front 16

Electron Transport Chain

Back 16

Provides energy for proton pumping
Accepts electrons from NADH FADH2
O2 is ultimate e- acceptor convrted to water - ATP synthesized

Front 17

Muscle Work/Mechanical Work

Back 17

Myosin head engaes with actin at multiple sites
Myosin head has an ATP binding site and is an ATPase
ATP binds to myosin disociates with actin and hydrolyzes
Myosin binds Ca2+ and reassociates with actin in new position

Front 18

Anabolic Reactions

Back 18

Synthesis of DNA and metabolites
Biosynthesis

Front 19

Active Transport

Back 19

Delivery of nutrients and building blocks

Front 20

Heat Production

Back 20

Maintance of a constant body temperature

Front 21

ATP Production

Back 21

Oxidation of fuels (proteins, cho, fats) to CO2
Fuels are highly reduced
e- lost during oxidation go into formaiton of ATP

Front 22

ATP

Back 22

High energy phosphate bonds
Release of 1st bond Gamma (7.3) - ADP
Release of 2nd bond Beta (6.6) AMP

Front 23

Release of energy

Back 23

Is coupled to other biological processes
Hydrolysis - ATP + H2O > ADP + pi
Synthesis - ADP + Pi > ATP + H2O

Front 24

Acetyl CoA

Back 24

Thioester bond
Intermediate between glycolysis and TCA
Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA

Front 25

Creatine Phosphate

Back 25

High energy phosphate bond
Stored in muscle

Front 26

Order of energy use in muscle

Back 26

Creatine Phosphate - ATP stored in muscle - Glycogen

Front 27

Summary of how work is fueled

Back 27

Body work fueled by synthesis of ATP - Coupled to body's energy need's - coupled to food metabolism

Front 28

Catabolism

Back 28

Breakdown
Produce energy
Gothrough Oxidation

Front 29

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 29

Most efficient ATP production
Oxygen reduced to water
Phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

Front 30

Mitochondria

Back 30

ATP factory
Outer Membrane - permeadble to anions and small molecules
Inner - impereable to almost evrything; houses the ETC and ATP synthesis

Front 31

Electron Transport Chain

Back 31

Provides energy for proton pumping
Accepts electrons from NADH FADH2
O2 is ultimate e- acceptor convrted to water - ATP synthesized

Front 32

Electro Chemical Gradient

Back 32

Produced by pumping H+ across the inner mitchondiral membrane

Front 33

Reducing Equivalents

Back 33

Fuel Oxidative Phosphorylation
Supplied by: Most TCA, then B-Oxidation, then Glycolysis which also upplies some ATP and Drives

Front 34

ATP synthesis

Back 34

Interconversion of energy from:
Oxidation/reduction (chemical) to
electro-chemical gradient (potential) which drives the phosphrylation of ADP which makes the high energy bond of ATP

Front 35

Fuels that produce reducing equivalents

Back 35

CHO, FA, AA
All produce some ATP and generate reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2, NADPH)

Front 36

How are the fuels reduced?

Back 36

All are highly reduced and oxidized during metabolism
Glucose - Glycolysis
Fatty Acids - B-Oxidation
AA - TCA cycle
O2 is reduced to water

Front 37

Energy Yeilds and Storage

Back 37

Fat: 9 & 70
CHO: 4 & 1
Protein: 4 & 10
More in fat b/c hydrophobic and do not have to break water bonds

Front 38

Energy Reserves (Stored Fuels)

Back 38

MAIN storage Glycogen: Liver and Muscle by Glycogenolysis
Glucose: Body fluids
Proteins: Muscle for Gluconeogenesis
Fat: Adipose tissue mobilized as KB's

Front 39

Fat

Back 39

Stored as Triglycerides
Go to FA's and Glycerol
Most effeicient b/c w/o water
Main energy source

Front 40

Carbohydrates

Back 40

Supply largest part of dietary calories
Stored as Glycogen
Cannot exist in body w/o water

Front 41

Proteins

Back 41

"Last Resort" energy fuel
Degrade to AA
No specific storage protein
All proteins have a specific function
Usually stored with water

Front 42

Calculate Calories for BMR

Back 42

Weight (kg) X 24 kcal/kg/day

LOOK AT OTHER FORMULAS Page 9 Part 1

Front 43

Requirements for Brain

Back 43

Glucose used exclusively but KB are first priority just not around much except during fasting
Fatty Acids NOT used
Driving force for Energy Metabolism
20% REE

Front 44

Requirements for Muscle

Back 44

Fatty Acids - first priority
KB's - Used when no FA available
Glucose - Used only if no FA or KB avialable
80% REE
Has significant CHO (glycogen) reserve
Will provide brain w/fuel

Front 45

RBC's

Back 45

ONLY Glucose
Not oxidized - no mitochondria

Front 46

Liver

Back 46

Maintainer "Mother of all"
Regulates blood glucose and KB for brain
Regulates level of Glucose by storing it as Glycogen
Provides KB when glucose low
Converts glucose to fat when excess
Detoxifies drugs

Front 47

Adipose Tissue

Back 47

Maintainer Organ
Stores fat from blood Triglycerides
Releases fat as Free Fatty Acids

Front 48

Kidney

Back 48

Excretory Organ
Use ATP to secrete waste
Excretes non-volatile waste (H+ Urea, Nitrogen Ammonia)

Front 49

Lungs

Back 49

Excretory Organ
Excrete Volitile Waste: CO2

Front 50

Role of Insulin

Back 50

Promote Biosynthetic and Anablic Rxn
Counteracted by: Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, thyroid hormone
ccelerate the transport of glucose into muscle and synthesis of triglycerides
Inhibits glycogen breakdown in liver and triacylglycerol breakdown
Promotes synthesis of glycogen

Front 51

Role of Glucagon

Back 51

Promotes glycogen breakdown and glucose release in liver

Front 52

Role of Epinephrine

Back 52

Promotes glycogen breakdwon and glucose release in liver AND MUSCLE

Front 53

Role of Thyroid Hormone

Back 53

Controls BMR
Hypo- (underactive) slow metabolism
Hyper- (overactive) rapid metabolism
Effect on Na+/K+ - ATPase

Front 54

Chylomicrons

Back 54

Absorbed lipids are contained in this so they are miscible with blood

Front 55

Fed State

Back 55

Increase Blood Glucose which increases Insulin (Beta Cells_
Decreases Glucagon (Alpha Cells)

Front 56

Fasted State

Back 56

Decrease Blood Glucose which decrease Insulin (Beta)
Increase Glucagon (Alpha)
Liver not useing glucose instead supplying to blood
Gluconeogenesis: 65-70%
FA Breakdown: 25-35%

Front 57

Prolonged Fasting

Back 57

KB blood conc. increase alot
KB exclusive for Brain
Muscle Stop using KB use FA
Decrease Glucoes & Insulin
Increased Glucagon
Decrease in Urea production

Front 58

Metabolic Changes in Prolonged Fasting in Muscle, Liver, and Brain

Back 58

Muscle: Decrese Utilization of KB and Protein Degradation
Brain: Increase utilization of KB (exclusively)
Liver: Decrease Gluconeogenesis & Urea Production (b/c of decreased muscle protein breakdown)

Front 59

Metabolic Capacity of Liver

Back 59

Everything
Except KB utilization

Front 60

Metabolic Capacity of Adipose

Back 60

Cannot do B-Oxidation, Form KB, or Gluconeogenesis

Front 61

Metabolic Capacity for Muscle

Back 61

Does Not for KB, FA, or Glucose

Front 62

Metabolic Capacity of Brain and RBC

Back 62

Brain limited: TCA cyce, KB use
RBC does nothing but perform glycolysis for energy needs Lactae formed

Front 63

Endergonic Rxn

Back 63

Energy requiring rxn
Non-Spontaneous
Positive Delta G
Disfavored Rxn

Front 64

Exergonic Rxn

Back 64

Energy releasing rxn
Spontaneous
Negative Delta G
Favored Rxn

Front 65

Gibbs Free Energy (DeltaG)

Back 65

Change in free energy
Energy availble to do work where surroundings vary
Determine direction of a rxn

Front 66

Standard Free Change (Delta G Not)

Back 66

Measured in laboratory at pH 7 and 1M

Front 67

Concentrations of substrates and products (Keq)

Back 67

aA + bB > cC + dD
Keq = [C][D]/[A][B] or [Products]/[Reactants]

Keq > 1, Delta G Negative (More products formed)
keq < 1 Delta G Positive (Not much prodcut formed)

Front 68

Speed of a Rxn

Back 68

Depends onthe properties of the enzyme that catalyzes the rxn
Enzyme DOES NOT affect the Keq

Front 69

Efficiency of Fuel Oxidation

Back 69

Glucose Combustion
68% ATP Production through Glycolysis > TCA > ETS
32% Heat production which maintains Body Temp and drives rxns forward