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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the essential amino acids?
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PVT TIM HALL
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Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan
Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine Histadine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine |
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What essential amino acid can for a nonessential amino acid
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Phenylalanine to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroylase within the kidneys
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transaminates to hydroxyphenylpyruvate
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Tyrosine
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is a non essential amino acid made from phenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylase)
Partially ketogenic: fumerate (TCA), acetoacetate (to ketones) |
transaminated to make neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, melanine, and thyroid hormones
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Serine
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Non essential amino acid synthesized from glycine and the coenzyme folic acid within the kidneys
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Serine transamination creates pyruvate as its carbon skeleton
100% glucogenic |
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PKU
phenylketonuria |
Metabolic disorder, inherited deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Cannot convert Phe to Tyr. Phe builds up and is excreted as phenylpyruvate.
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Which amino acids are 100% ketogenic?
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Lysine, Leucine
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What amino acids are 100% glycogenic?
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Upon deamination/transamination, their carbon skeletons enter the TCA cycle
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Everything that is not 100% or partially ketogenic
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Which amino acids are partially ketogenic?
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Phe-Fumerate, Acetoacetate
Ile- Succinyl CoA, Acetyl CoA Threonine-Pyruvate, Succinyl CoA, Acetyl CoA Trp- Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA Tyr-Fumerate, Acetoacetate |
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Name the BCAA
(branched chain amino acids) |
Leucine
Isoleucine Valine |
Leu, 100% ketogenic (acetoacetate)
Ile- partially ketogenic Valine-100% glucogenic (Succinyl CoA) |
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Lysine
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Essential amino acid
100% ketogenic (acetoacetate) |
Lysine + SAM = carnitine
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Carnitine
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Involved in FA transport.
Made in the liver, stored in the muscle. |
Formed from methylated lysine
(Lys + SAM) |
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Methionine
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Essential amino acid
100% glucogenic (succinyl CoA) |
S-adenylsyl methionine (SAM) is a principle methyl donor
-DNA, RNA, N-containing compounds |
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SAM
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S-adenylsyl methionine
principal methyl donor |
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Homocysteine
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remove methyl from SAM to create S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) to yield Homocysteine
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Name the aromatic amino acids
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Pheylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
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Partially ketogenic
Phe: fumerate, acetoacetate Tyr: Fumerate, acetoacetate Trp: pyruvate, acetyl CoA |
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Tryptophan
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Essential amino acid
Partially ketogenic (Pyruvate, acetyl CoA) |
Metabolized to melatonin and serotonine
Sleepy turkey |
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Cori cycle
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occurs in the liver, allow that transport of muscle glycogen to serum glucose.
alanine can travel from muscle to liver, transaminate to pyruvate to undergo gluconeogenesis |
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Alanine
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Nonessential amino acid
100% glucogenic Released from muscles with glutamate, they transaminate with each other. (pyruvate/a-KG) |
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Glutamine
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Nonessential amino acid
100% glucogenic, a-KG Major ammonia carrier Player in the Cori and Urea cycle and Arg synthesis (citrulline) |
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Glutamine fxn
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ammonia carrier
released from MM with alanine during fast component stress and HSP protein levels increase during trauma |
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Liver
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Principle organ that metabolizes dietary AA, except BCAA (MM).
Houses the Urea Cycle and Stage 2 of Cori. |
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Basic amino acids
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Lys, Arg, His
all essential POLAR, positively charged |
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Polar amino acids
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Can be charged or neutral
Basic aa are positively charged (lys, arg, his) Dicarboxylic aa are negatively charged (Asp, Glu)(acids) Neutral/polar (Asn, Cys, Gln, Ser Thr) |
Dicarboxylic amino acids are ACIDS
Neutral aa may be polar and non polar |
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Dicarboxylic amino acids
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Glutamic acid (Glu)
Aspartic acid (Asp) Negatively charged acids |
Polar, charged
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Positively charges amino acids
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Are basic amino acids, also polar
Lys, His, Arg |
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Negatively charged amino acids
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Are acidic and polar
Glutamic acid Aspartic acid |
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Pepsin
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Pepsinogen, a zymogen, is released into the STOMACH and is activated by HCl, and hydrolyses peptide bonds
creating large polypeptides, oligopeptides, and free aa |
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Gastrin
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HORMONE that stimulates HCl release into the stomach
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Hydrochloric acid
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Denatures proteins in the stomach, by unfolding the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (NOT, peptide bonds (primary)
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin |
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transferases
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move functional groups
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hydrolases
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cleave compounds
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Arginine
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essential amino acid
(+) polar Metabolised in intestinal cells to yield citrulline and urea. |
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Citrulline
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made from Arginine in enterocytes is released into blood to the kidneys to make Arg for tissues.
Also key to Urea cycle in liver (with Arg) |
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Which 3 amino acids do not dominate or transaminate?
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Lysine, Histadine, Threonine
This makes them indispensable(essential) because they cannot synthesized |
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Glutathione
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Antioxidant and aa transporter
reacts with H2O2, prostaglandin |
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Carnitine
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FA transport, made from methylated Lysine (lys + SAM)
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Creatine
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Made in liver/kidney, stored in skeletal MM (95%) Replenishes ATP in rapidly contracting MM
Urinary levels an indicator of muscle mass |
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Choline
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methyl donor, acetylcholine (neurotransmitter), lecithin, sphingomyelin
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Leucine
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100% ketogenic (acetyl CoA, Acetoacetate)
Essential, BCAA Cholesterol syn Stimulates Insulin |
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Limiting amino acid
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The essential amino acid that is present in the lowest amount
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