Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
--- Key Pathways Linked to ATP Synthesis In Mammals ---
1) *** Cycle 2) *** pathway 3) ***-o*** pathway 4) others |
1) Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle/TCA Cycle)
2) Glycolysis pathway 3) β-oxidation pathway 4) Others |
|
--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Factors governing the rate of flux through the cycle: 1) *** availability 2) inhibition by *** *** 3) *** feedback inhibition of early enzymes by later *** |
1) Substrate
2) accumulating products 3) allosteric --- intermediates |
|
--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Strongly exergonic enzyme steps 1) *** s*** 2) *** d*** 3) α-k*** d*** |
1) citrate synthase
2) isocitrate dehydrogenase 3) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Citrate Synthase Reaction 1) Controlled by *** availability. 2) and *** enzyme regulators like 3) citrate & acyl-S-CoA(thioesters) which *** 4) and ADP which ***. |
1) substrate
2) allosteric 3) inhibits 4) activates |
|
--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
1) *** Dehydrogenase is inhibited by ATP, NADH, and Succinyl-S-CoA. 2) *** Dehydrogenase does not use ATP. |
1) Isocitrate
2) α−Ketoglutarate |
|
--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Common enzyme inhibitors include.... 1) *** 2) ***H 3) S*** |
1) ATP
2) NADH 3) Succinyl-S-CoA. |
|
Exergonic derived from Greek...
|
exō "outside"
-ergonic "work |
|
An *** step releases energy in the form of work.
|
exergonic
|
|
--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ---
1) Enzyme complex w/# enzymes and # coenzymes 3) linking together *** & *** cycles. |
1) 5 --- 5
3) glycolysis & TCA |
|
--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
1) PDC uses 3 enzymes to transform pyruvate into *** through 2) a process called pyruvate ***. 3) which is used in the *** pathway to carry out cellular r***. |
1) acetyl-CoA
2) decarboxylation 3) citric acid cycle --- respiration |
|
--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Three Main Enzymes... 1) E1 - pyruvate *** 2) E2 - dihydrolipoyl *** 3) E3 - dihydrolipoyl *** |
1) dehydrogenase
2) transacetylase 3) dehydrogenase |
|
--- PDC ---
Allosteric Activators 1) *** of E1 2) *** of E2 3) *** of E3 |
--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
1) AMP 2) CoA-SH 3) NAD+ |
|
--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Allosteric Inhibitors 1) *** of E1 2) *** of E2 3) *** of E3 4) Also... long chain *** *** |
1) ATP (GTP)
2) Acetyl-S-CoA 3) NADH 4) fatty acid |
|
--- PDC - E1---
1) inhibited/activated by being P'ed when *** are present. 2) inhibited/activated by being deP'ed when *** are present. |
1) Inhibited --- products(ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA)
2) Activated --- Ca2+ and Mg2+ |
|
*** is a functional group composed of -COCH3.
|
acetyl
|
|
Metabolism of *** through *** is the main source of energy in brain, ***, and other cells/tissues.
|
Glucose --- Glycolysis
erythrocytes |
|
The *** pathway operates under anaerobic(called ***) and aerobic conditions.
|
Glycolysis --- fermentation
|
|
Γ is the SU symbol of....
|
mass action ratio
|
|
Muscle ATP concentrations are often #-# *** and can maintain muscular contraction for *** seconds.
|
5-10 mM
a few |
|
--- Glycolysis ---
Regulated steps are... 1) *** kinase 2) ***kinase I 3) ** *kinase |
1) Hexose
2) Phosphofructo-kinase 1 3) Pyruvate |
|
--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) Hexose kinase has a low *** for glucose(0.1 mM) and is 2) inhibited by its *** called ***. |
1) Km
2) product --- glucose-6-phosphate. |
|
--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) PFK-1 catalyzes the *** step. 2) Inhibited by ***. 3) Activated by *** and ***(liver). |
1) first
2) ATP/Citrate 3) ADP/AMP --- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate(liver) |
|
PFK-1?
|
Phosphofructokinase I
|
|
--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) In vertebrates, Pyruvate Kinase has # isozymes and is 2) Inhibited by ***, ***(CoA), ***-chain *** acids. 3) The liver isozyme also by *** in response to ***. |
1) 3
2) ATP, Acetyl-S-CoA, and long-chain fatty acids 3) phosphorylation --- glucagon |
|
*** Systems Are Required For Mitochondrial Oxidation Of Cytosolic ***
|
Shuttle
NADH |
|
Phosphoglucomutase catalyzes transformations between *** and ***.
|
glucose 1-phosphate ⇌ glucose 6-phosphate
|
|
The total ATP yield per glucose is...
|
30 or 32
|
|
3 Stages of fatty acid oxidation.
1) Activation of *** ***-S-CoA in the mito. ***. 2) Xfer of *** group to *** for shuttling into mito. ***. 3) Final ***-*** cycle in the mito. ***. |
1) fatty --- acyl --- matrix
2) acyl --- carnitine --- intermembrane 3) β-oxidation --- intermembrane |
|
--- Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ---
1) Takes place in the *** and is an alternative pathway to oxidize ***. 2) The final e- acceptor is *** which is used in *** biosynthesis 3) as well as protects cell from *** damage to proteins. |
1) Cytosol --- glucose
2) NADP+ --- reduction 3) oxidative |
|
*** **** *** Pathway is the main pathway for NADPH synthesis.
|
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate
|
|
--- Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ---
1) The main regulatory enzyme is glucose #-*** ***. 2) Inhibited by *** and ***. 3) Activated by being ***(state) and the compound ***. |
1) 6-phsophate dehydrogenaxse
2) NADPH and ATP 3) oxidized --- glutathione |
|
*** is the pathway for the synthesis of glucose and shares many enzymes with the *** pathway.
|
Gluconeogenesis
glycolysis. |
|
--- Gluconeogenesis ---
1) There are # bypasses... 2) Bypass 1 is closer/further from glucose. |
1) 3
2) closer |
|
--- Gluconeogenesis ---
Number of enzymes in bypass... 1) Bypass 1 2) Bypass 2 3) Bypass 3 |
1) 4
2) 1 3) 1 |
|
Energy cost of gluconeogenesis...
1) # ATP(***) 2) # *** |
1) 6 ATP (2 new GTP equilalents)
2) 2 NADH |
|
Energy production in glycolysis?
1) # ATP 2) # *** |
1) 2 ATP
2) 2 NADH |
|
What is the ATP difference between glycolysis & gluconeogenesis?
1) # *** equ*** per glucose |
4 ATP equivalents per glucose
|
|
--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Key enzymes... 1) P*** C***ase 2) F*** B***ase |
1) Pyruvate Carboxylase
2) Fructose Bisphosphatase |
|
--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Pyruvate Carboxylase(last step) 1) Inhibited by ***. 2) Activated by ***. |
1) ????
2) Acetyl-S-CoA |
|
--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Fructose Bisphosphatase(middle step) 1) Inhibited by ***. 2) Activated by ***. |
1) AMP & 3-phosphoglycerate
2) Citrate |
|
The "*** ***" is seen when fermentation is disrupted by an abundance of oxygen.
|
Pasteur Effect
|
|
The "*** ***" is seen in many *** exhibiting higher-than-normal rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions.
|
Warburg Effect --- tumors
|
|
1) The "***-*** ***" fraudulently explained the *** Effect. It stated a tumor gene caused a "kinase cascade"...
2) P'ing an ATP-driven ***-*** *** rendering it less efficient thereby increasing ATP consumption and glycolysis. |
1) Spector-Racker Proposal --- Warburg
2) Na-K pump |
|
The "*** ***" is seen when fermentation is disrupted by an abundance of oxygen.
|
Pasteur Effect
|
|
The "*** ***" is seen in many *** exhibiting higher-than-normal rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions.
|
Warburg Effect --- tumors
|
|
1) The "***-*** ***" fraudulently explained the *** Effect. It stated a tumor gene caused a "kinase cascade"...
2) P'ing an ATP-driven ***-*** *** rendering it less efficient thereby increasing ATP consumption and glycolysis. |
1) Spector-Racker Proposal --- Warburg
2) Na-K pump |
|
--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Regulated of enzymes VIA... 1) Gene expression controls *** and ***. 2) Allosteric regulation controls c*** a***. 3) *** of enzymes |
1) Presence & abundance
2) catalytic activity of enzyme 3) location |
|
--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Studied by... 1) *** of organic reactions 2) Study of i*** and m*** enzymes 3) *** inactivation techniques 4) Radioactive or c*** t*** |
1) Knowledge
2) isolated --- mutants 3) Gene 4) chemical tags |
|
Enzyme levels reflect a balance between the rates of enzyme *** and ***.
|
synthesis and degradation
|
|
--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Spatial separation includes... 1) C***. 2) O*** a*** |
1) Compartmentation.
2) Organized assemblies |
|
--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Enzymes catalyzing reactions displaced from equilibrium are often found to have *** functions. |
regulatory
|
|
NAD+?
|
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
|