Energy Concentrates

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Energy Concentrates

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a. High in energy (TDN or NE)

b. Low in fiber

c. Low in protein (in relation to oil seeds and some mill feeds)

d. Protein quality is variable and generally quite low

e. Mineral level – fair in phosphorus (good compared with forages).Calcium level is low

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Corn (maize) –

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high in energy, and low in crude protein (8 to 9%) and lysine.

Current activity in the area of plant breeding: increase the content of lysine (high-lysine corn), change in the type of carbohydrate (waxy corn, and increase the fat content (high-oil corn).

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Sorghum (milo) –

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Somewhat lower in energy than corn,

higher but more variable in CP than corn (8 to 12%).

Quite drought resistant and grown in those areas inadequate in rainfall for corn production.

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Oats –

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Very palatable, 85% of the energy value of corn. Should limit for beef finishing rations and for swine and poultry rations because of high fiber and low energy value.

Excellent grain for horses to provide bulk.

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Barley –

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Lower in energy than corn (88 to 90% value of corn).

Limit in swine and poultry rations due to fiber content.

Can be used as the only grain in “all concentrate” rations with cattle.

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Rye –

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Least palatable of the grains.

May be contaminated with ergot (black fungus which reduces palatability).

If ground too fine it can cause digestive disturbances.

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Wheat –

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Similar in energy to corn with CP at 12 to 14%.

Widely grown in U.S. but in high demand as a human food and generally too expensive for livestock diets.

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Triticale –

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Hybrid cereal derived from a cross of wheat and rye.

Contains higher quality protein than other cereals,

Lysine is the most limiting amino acid. Unpalatable and may contain ergot similar to rye.

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Dried beet pulp –

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The physical nature (18% crude fiber) and high palatability of beet pulp make it a desirable feed in comparison to cereal grains. High in pectins (20 to 25% of DM), which makes it a high fermentable feed in the rumen.

the supply continues to decrease because fewer sugar beets are being produced.

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Citrus pulp –

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Residue of the citrus family (ground peel and cull fruits) that have been dried.

Fed mainly to dairy cattle but may be fed to beef cattle.

Also, fairly high in pectins similar to beet pulp.

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Molasses –

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A byproduct of the manufacture of sugar. Highly Palatable (contains more than 48% sugar after the manufacturing process)

Fed in:

1) liquid form (most common)

2) dried forms.

Often used molasses as a pellet binder, to reduce dustiness and improve ration acceptability.

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Animal fat –

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Obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering.

Can be added at levels up to 5% in ruminant diets and up to 10% in nonruminants diets.

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Animal fat is used in rations for the following reasons:

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fat-9.45 kcal/g; CHO-4.5; protein-4.5 to 5

1) Increases the energy value of the ration 2) Decreases dustiness

3) Improves texture and palatability

4) Speeds up pellet mill capacity and reduces machinery wear

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Dried bakery product –

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Consists of stale bakery products and other bakery wastes that have been blended together, dried and ground into a meal.

Similar to corn in nutrient composition much higher in fat (12 to 16%).

• Use well by pigs
  
• preferred ingredient in starter rations.
  

Bakery wastes may also contain considerable amounts of salt which would limit its use and relatively little product is available