Endocrinology - Overview 8

Front 1

3 purposes of the female reproductive system

Back 1

Development of female gametes (ova)

Maintenance of the fetus

Synthesis of sex hormones

Front 2

Oogenesis occurs in the ________

Back 2

Follicle

Front 3

Estradiol synthesis occurs in the _______

Back 3

Follicle

Front 4

Progesterone synthesis occurs in the ________

Back 4

Corpus luteum

Front 5

Maintenance of the fetus occurs in the ________

Back 5

Corpus luteum

Front 6

During the menstrual cycle, ________ peaks just before a surge of FSH and LH

Back 6

Estradiol

Front 7

The menstrual cycle includes 5 phases:

Back 7

Menstrual

Follicular

Ovulation

Luteal

Premenstrual

Front 8

The luteal phase begins around day __________ in the menstrual cycle

Back 8

14 or 15

Front 9

The ovaries _________ during menopause

Back 9

shrink

Front 10

(1)Primordial follicle

-->(2) ___________

--> (3)______________

--> (4)Mature (graafian) follicle

--> (5)_______________

--> (6)Early corpus luteum

--> (7)___________

--> (8)Corpus albicans

Back 10

(2) Primary follicle

(3) Developing follicles

(5) Ruptured follicle

(7) Mature corpus luteum

Front 11

Ovulation

Back 11

Release of the mature ovum from the follicle into the fallopian tube

Front 12

The process by which granulosa and thecal cell are converted to luteal cells is called _________

Back 12

luteinization

Front 13

Oogenesis

Back 13

Formation of the ovum

Front 14

Ovulation occurs after ____________

Back 14

the follicular phase

Front 15

Approximately _____ ova are produced over a lifetime

Back 15

400

Front 16

Approximately ________ sperm are produced each day

Back 16

30 million

Front 17

Mitosis only occurs during ___________

Back 17

folliculogenesis

Front 18

Ovulation occurs every ________ days

Back 18

28

Front 19

Germ cells (in women) are also known as

Back 19

ovum

Front 20

At puberty there are approximately ___________ follicles present in the ovaries

Back 20

400,000

Front 21

At birth there are approximately ____________ follicles present in the ovaries

Back 21

2 million

Front 22

The peak number of germ cells (7 million) occurs around _______________

Back 22

2-3 months before birth

Front 23

Folliculogenesis begins _____________

Back 23

in fetal life

Front 24

An primary follicle is an _____________

Back 24

oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells

Front 25

Ovum vs. oocyte

Back 25

An ovum is the mature germ cell, whereas the oocyte is still immature

Front 26

A __________ follicle has an antrum

Back 26

secondary

Front 27

Theca cells produce _____________ in response to LH

Back 27

androgens

Front 28

Activin releases __________

Back 28

FSH

Front 29

____________ suppresses FSH

Back 29

Inhibin

Front 30

Activin is produced in _______________

Back 30

granulosa cells

Front 31

Inhibin A is greatest in _________ cells

Back 31

luteal

Front 32

Folliculogenesis

Back 32

Maturation of the ovarian follicle

Progression of a number of primordial follicles to a mature graafian follicle

Front 33

What does StAR do?

Back 33

Transfers cholesterol from outer mitochondrial membrane to inner membrane

Front 34

Theca cells produce androgens in response to ________

Back 34

LH

Front 35

Granulosa cells respond to FSH mainly by aromatizing __________ to _________

Back 35

androgens

estrogens

Front 36

By midfollicular phase, __________ receptors begin to appear on granulosa cells

Back 36

LH

Front 37

Continued stimulation of ___________ and ___________ leads to proliferation of granulosa cells by midfollicular phase.

Back 37

FSH

estradiol

Front 38

In what portion of the follicular phase do granulosa cells become responsive to both LH and FSH?

Back 38

Late follicular phase

Front 39

As the dominant follicle is selected, it acquires:

____ estradiol

____ FSH, LH receptors

____ blood supply

Back 39

Increased estradiol

Increased FSH, LH receptors

Increased blood supply

Front 40

The preovulatory LH surge leads to:

Increased cAMP

Decreased cAMP

Back 40

Increased cAMP

Front 41

The mature ovum is released ___________ hours after onset of the LH surge

Back 41

35-44

Front 42

Increased PGF --> Increased ____________

---> Weakened follicle wall

Back 42

Collagenase

Front 43

During transport, steroids are bound to which 3 proteins?

Back 43

Albumin

Sex steroid-binding globulin

Corticosteroid-binding globulin

Front 44

Conversion of steroids occurs where?

Back 44

In fat and muscle

Front 45

Androstendione --->

Back 45

Estrone

Front 46

Testosterone --->

Back 46

Estradiol

Front 47

Effects of estrogen on mammary glands?

Back 47

Development of the breasts during puberty

Stimulate stromal tissue and fat deposition

Front 48

Effects of estrogen on bone?

Back 48

Pubertal growth spurt

Closure of epiphyseal plates

Inhibiting bone resorption

Front 49

Effect of estrogen on liver?

Back 49

Increased TBG synthesis

Front 50

Effects of estrogen on cardiovascular system?

Back 50

Protective effects on blood vessels

Decreased LDL, Increased HDL

Front 51

Effects of estrogen on CNS?

Back 51

Feedback hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

May protect cognitive function

Front 52

Estradiol has _____x the concentration of Estrone

Back 52

2

Front 53

Estrone (E1) has ___% of the potency of E2

Back 53

10

Front 54

How does progesterone affect BMR?

Back 54

Increases BMR

Front 55

Effect of progesterone on cardiovascular system?

Back 55

Decreased HDL, Increased LDL

Front 56

Within the brain, estradiol may inhibit or stimulate the activity of neurotransmitters that affect ____________ secretion

Back 56

LHRH

Front 57

Kisspeptin at pubery drives:

Back 57

onset of fertility

Front 58

In adults, kisspeptin is critical for ___________________________________ in both males and females and is controlled by negative feedback actions of gonadal steroids

Back 58

tonic episodic secretion of GnRH and LH

Front 59

In adults, kisspeptin is critical for the ______________ -induced preovulatory GnRH/LH surge

Back 59

estrogen

Front 60

Manipulation of kisspeptin signaling has the potential for novel therapies in patients with low or high _________ pulsatility

Back 60

LH

Front 61

In health, an LH pulse occurs about every ______ minutes

Back 61

90

Front 62

Hypothalamic amenorrhea patients have ______ LH pulsatility rates

Back 62

low

Front 63

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have ____ LH pulsatility rates

Back 63

high

Front 64

GnRH is regulated by 3 things

Back 64

Pulse generator

Neurotransmitters

Steroid feedback

Front 65

About how long after ovulation does the corpus luteum become less sensitive to LH and regress?

Back 65

1 week

Front 66

During a fertile cycle, what "rescues"/takes over for LH at the corpus luteum and stimulates it to secrete estradiol and progesterone?

Back 66

hCG

Front 67

During a fertile cycle, implantation occurs on what day?

Back 67

Day 20

Front 68

Production of progesterone is highest during:

Back 68

pregnancy (250mg/day)

Front 69

25 mg/day of progesterone is produced during the __________ phase

Back 69

luteal

Front 70

2.5 mg/day of progesterone is produced during the _________ phase

Back 70

follicular

Front 71

Progesterone production shifts from the corpus luteum to the placenta around weeks ___________ of gestation

Back 71

7-9

Front 72

During pregnancy, the serum level of which form of estrogen is consistently the highest?

E1

E2

E3

Back 72

E2

Front 73

During pregnancy, the serum level of which form of estrogen is consistently the lowest?

E1

E2

E3

Back 73

E1

Front 74

What are the 4 estrous cycle phases?

Back 74

Proestrus

Estrus

Diestrus

Anestrus

Front 75

Proestrus

Back 75

characterized by the hormonal changes that bring about ovulation

Front 76

Estrus

Back 76

Follows/coincides with ovulation

Is a short period when the female is receptive to the male and during which mating can occur

Front 77

Diestrus

Back 77

The interim between estrus and the onset of hormonal changes

Front 78

Anestrus

Back 78

A period of ovarian quiescence

Front 79

In rats, the estrus cycle is __________ days in length

Back 79

4-5

Front 80

In rats, ovulation frequently occurs after what time?

Back 80

Midnight

Front 81

In dogs, the period between estrous cycles is how long?

Back 81

7-8 months

Front 82

In dogs, diestrus lasts about ________ days

Back 82

75

Front 83

In dogs, anestrus lasts about _______ days

Back 83

125

Front 84

Copulation does not trigger _______________. It is spontaneous.

Back 84

ovulation

Front 85

The LH surge is triggered by activation of neuronal reflex arcs after copulation in which animals?

Back 85

Cats and rabbits

Front 86

Monoestrus

Back 86

1 breeding season

Front 87

Polyestrous

Back 87

Several breedings per year

Front 88

Animals that are short-day breeders?

Back 88

Sheep

Deer

Front 89

Animals that are long-day breeders?

Back 89

Horses

Front 90

Olfaction may be important in _______________ breeding

Back 90

seasonal

Front 91

Sheep have ______ day estrous cycles during the breeding season

Back 91

16

Front 92

In sheep, ovulation occurs in the ______ half of estrus

Back 92

latter

Front 93

In ewe, during ___________, estradiol can inhibit the activity of the GnRH pulse generator

Back 93

anestrus

Front 94

Puberty begins _____ years sooner in females than in males

Back 94

2

Front 95

During puberty, unknown maturational change reduces neuroendocrine inhibition of ________ release

Back 95

GnRH

Front 96

The median age of menarche is _________

Back 96

12.4 years

Front 97

Kisspeptin is a peptide coded by the ________ gene

Back 97

KiSSI

Front 98

Human point mutations and deletions in KiSSI R were associated with impaired:

Back 98

pubertal development

Front 99

Hypothalamic expression of KissI and KissI r mRNA is dramatically ______-regulated at puberty in rodents and primates

Back 99

up

Front 100

Administration of exogenous kisspeptin resulted in ____________________ in rats and monkeys

Back 100

earlier puberty

Front 101

Administration of kisspeptin antagonist ____________ pulsatile GnRH release in pubertal monkeys and delayed puberty in rats

Back 101

inhibited

Front 102

Precocious puberty

< ____ years (Caucasian)

< ____ years (African American)

Back 102

7

6

Front 103

Precocious puberty is treated with _________ agonist

Back 103

GnRH

Front 104

The decrease in age of menarche is likely due to improved ______________

Back 104

nutrition

Front 105

During menopause, negative feedback from the ovarian follicular hormones ceases and the hypothalamic-driven pituitary secretion of ______ and _________ is disinhibited

Back 105

FSH

LH

Front 106

Describe the disregulation of the thermoregulatory system in menopause

Back 106

Negative feedback from ovarian follicular hormones ceases, thus disinhibiting FSH and LH secretion from the pituitary.

Declining levels of inhibin permit further disinhibition of FSH.

A decrease in estradiol secretion from the ovaries leads to disinhibition of the thermoregulatory system.

Front 107

What hormone stabilizes thermoregulatory centers?

Back 107

Estradiol

Front 108

In the estrogen-progestin vs. placebo study, estrogen replacement was associated with what symptoms?

Back 108

Increased risk of MI, stroke, blood clots

Increased risk of breast cancer

Decreased risk of colorectal cancer

Fewer bone fractures

Front 109

Why is GnRH agonist used to treat precocious puberty?

Back 109

Constant exposure of GnRH leads to downregulation of FSH and LH