Endocrinology Ii

Front 1

(Hypothalamus & Pituitary)
L = Liver (endocrine gland)

Back 1

HPL Axis

Front 2

= growth hormone, is a tropic hormone

Back 2

GH

Front 3

testosterone, estrogen,

Back 3

steroid hormones

Front 4

-a group of protein hormones

Back 4

growth factors

Front 5

-will then enter portal system and seek out their target (somatotropes)

Back 5

Axis GHRH

Front 6

-AKA somatropin (RH) -> Liver is going to produce ->IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

Back 6

GH

Front 7

– promotes most of the growth, indirect actions of GH promotion by this hormone in Bones, cartilage, soft tissue (skin, internal organs)

Back 7

IGF

Front 8

If excess GH is present this occurs as a negative feedback mechanism

Back 8

GH

Front 9

If IGF is present it feeds back to the hypothalamus and this happens- - - -

Back 9

feeds back to the hypothalamus, produces GH-anterior pituitary

Front 10

These factors affect the secretion of growth hormone.

Back 10

Exercise, sleep, nutrients (amino acids)

Front 11

Argenine! Fatty acids –no-effect on ____ secretion.

Back 11

GH

Front 12

- is a protein anabolic hormone that increases cellular amino acid uptake, and incorporation of protein and represses proteolysis.

Back 12

GH

Front 13

High levels of growth hormone cause:

Back 13

anti-insulin-effect can induce insulin resistance –diabetogenic

Front 14

-GH develop of bone and cartilage initiated by IGF (once called somatomedin)

Back 14

somatotropin

Front 15

(genetic mutation) DWARFISM

Back 15

GH- deficiency

Front 16

(problem at target) Loran dwarfs -> IGF Resistant DWARFISM

Back 16

GH-resistance

Front 17

-is also a problem during growth phase (somatotrope tumor) adenoma –gigantism (can be over 8 ft. tall)

Back 17

GH-excess

Front 18

-GH excess more common- acomegaly- get bone thickening, thickening of cartilage in joints, (prominent in face), Hands/Feet (similar to arthritis) organs enlarged, anti-insulin, any insulin resistance -> type II diabetes mellitus.

Back 18

Adulthood GHI defiency

Front 19

-thyrotropin releasing hormone-> TSH= thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone)-> thyroid-> thyroid hormones

Back 19

TRH

Front 20

prohormone for T3 (inactive)

Back 20

T4

Front 21

-are processings of T4 (active)

Back 21

T3

Front 22

- is reverse T3 (inactive)

Back 22

rT3

Front 23

-like all other anterior pituitary tropic hormones glycoprotein hormones- one member of a small group of 4 glycoproteins

Back 23

TSH

Front 24

- contains alpha and beta subunits

Back 24

TSH

Front 25

-common shared w/ all glycoprotein hormones

Back 25

alpha subunit

Front 26

-hormone specific

Back 26

beta subunit

Front 27

=thyroglobulin (Tg or Tgd)-creates gel-like material inside the follicle- highly concentrated thyroglobulin inside follicle.

Back 27

Colloid

Front 28

is made from tyrosine

Back 28

thyroglobulin

Front 29

=basolateral membrane- Na+/I- cotransporter “iodide trap”

Back 29

I-transporters

Front 30

-(aka pendrin) uniporter- only transports iodide

Back 30

Apical

Front 31

IPO- converts I to active iodide- > active iodide is converted into tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin –> incorporates iodide into tyr & tg -> MITs and DITs

Back 31

Making of steroid hormones

Front 32

constitutively secreted

Back 32

thyroid hormones

Front 33

TBG- tyrosine binding globulin. (T4)

Back 33

carrier proteins

Front 34

-bound hormone (99.96 %) binding is reversible which sets up eq’m

Back 34

T4-TBG

Front 35

T4-TBG<->

Back 35

T4 free (enters targets) .04%

Front 36

T4-TBG half-life

Back 36

seven days

Front 37

Permissive with growth hormones and catecholamines.

Back 37

T3

Front 38

responsible for development/growth –esp. in utero, also after birth particularly the brain

Back 38

T3

Front 39

-low thyroid hormone during pregnancy

Back 39

cretinism

Front 40

responsible for growth following birth- permissive = GH cardiovascular system- increases heart rate and blood pressure
Metabolism- setting BMR= basal metabolic rate

Back 40

T3

Front 41

- is a thermongenic hormone absence causes cold stress

Back 41

T3

Front 42

-enlargement of the thyroid- lump in the throat, most frequency cause – lack of iodine, I- defiency

Back 42

Goiter

Front 43

-normal function

Back 43

Euthyroid

Front 44

– lower than normal (low t4)

Back 44

hypothyroid

Front 45

- higher than normal (high t4)

Back 45

hyperthyroidism

Front 46

- hyperthyroid- auto-immune- mechanism, antibodies attack TSH receptor on the follicle cells of the thyroid. Abs. bind to receptor and activate it, and like TSH itself and stimulates T4.

Back 46

Grave's Disease

Front 47

- hypothyroid, autoimmune disease antibodies attack TPO- and inhibit it’s activity

Back 47

Hashimoto's disease

Front 48

– make catecholamines {Epi/Norepi} and secrete them – regulated and determined by autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 48

chromatin cells

Front 49

AKA- thoracolumbar division of ANS- spinal regions from which sympathetic nerves originate (spinal nerves from earlier)

Back 49

Sympathetic division

Front 50

- is and exception- innervated by pre-ganglionic neurons use acetyl choline (ACA) as neurotransmitter -> cholinergic responses.

Back 50

Adrenal Medulla

Front 51

- of ANS is activated by mass activation by stress – acute (sudden unexpected) “Fight or Flight responses”

Back 51

sympathetic division

Front 52

AKA craniosacral division- participates in what is called dual innervations of targets- both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of a target.

Back 52

parasympathetic division

Front 53

is an exception- -uses sympathetic neurons only no parasympathetic input both pre- and post- ganglionic neurons both use ACH as neurotransmitter

Back 53

adrenal medulla

Front 54

- gradual or grated response reset system after sympathetic system. Parasympathetic = “rest and digest” conditions!

Back 54

no mass activation

Front 55

“fight or flight” response->hypothalamus->sympathetic mass activation ( through neural network)

Back 55

acute stress

Front 56

- Ach. as neurotransmitter->Adrenal medulla->epi/norepi (hormone response)

Back 56

Preganglionic

Front 57

-norepi->(neurotransmitter)-> targets (mass activation- all at once)-> responses-> metabolism& genitor-urinary& cardiovascular& gastrointestinal& respiratory

Back 57

Postganglionic

Front 58

Ach-released from axon terminals (neuron –like cells) and go to chromatin cells w/ in adrenal medulla -> nictoni ach receptor-> ligand-gated ion channels (ACH)-> channels opens -> Na+ influx ->depolarization-> (inside becomes more positive) -> voltage dependent calcium 2+ channels-> ca 2+ influx-> tyrosine hydroxylase (increases it’s activity and release or secretion of epi/norepi)

Back 58

MEMORIZE THIS