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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Endocrinology? |
-The study of function and pathology of endocrine glands |
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What do endocrine glands do? |
-Release hormones directly into circulatory system. |
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What are hormones? |
-Produced by specialized glands and tissues that regulate a response in target cells/organs. -Tell target cells to do something/stop doing something. -Intracellular and extracellular communication by messenger molecules. |
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Describe Endocrine Hormones? |
-Made and released from one type of cell into the bloodstream to act on cells at distant sites. -TSH, insulin, GH, cortisol, aldosterone |
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Describe Paracrine hormones? |
-Made and released from one type of cell into immediate extracellular area to act on cells in the localized area. -cytokines, neurotransmitters |
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Describe Autocrine hormones..? |
-Made and released from one type of cell to act on these same cells (regulate themselves) -T lymphocytes IL-2 |
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What are some functions of hormones? |
-Growth and Development -Hemostatic control of metabolic pathways -Regulation of energy production, use, and storage. |
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What are anterior pituitary hormones controlled by? |
Controlled by hypothalamic hormones |
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What hormones are responsible for the growth and development of your body? |
Growth Hormone, cortisol, T4 (thyroxine) |
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What hormones are responsible for growth and development of endocrine glands? |
-Gonadotropins: luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Controlling metabolic pathways/energies... |
-Regulation of glucose -Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, GH -Regulation of calcium - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) -Regulation of water and electrolytes - Aldosterone, renin, ADH -Regulation of energy production, use and storage. - Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, GH, estrogen, T4 |
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What are the different hormone classes? |
-Protein (polypeptide) - water soluble, circulate freely in plasma -Steroid - not water soluble, circulate bound to transport proteins -Amino acid - circulate free or bound
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List three hormones that are in the class of protein (polypeptide) |
-Insulin, PTH, ACTH |
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What are some hormones that are in the class of steroid. |
-Cortisol, estrogen |
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What are some hormones in the class of amino acid? |
-Catecholamines, thyroxine |
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How do hormones communicate? |
-Hormones react with RECEPTOR molecules at target cells. -Peptide hormones and catecholamines react with receptors on cell membrane -Thyroid hormones and steroids enter cells and react with receptors inside the cell |
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What is the receptor mechanism of action? (Cell surface receptors) |
-Cell surface receptors: -Hormone binds to cell-surface receptor -Binding results in change in conformation -Activation of a cascade to produce molecules for hormone response |
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What is the receptor mechanism of action? (Intracellular receptors) |
-Intracellular Receptors: -Hormone enters the cell by passive diffusion -Bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus -Conformational change -Binds to target gene to increase/decrease gene transcription for the protein |
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Describe Hormone Specificity. |
-Target tissues have receptors for the hormone; other tissues don't -Receptors have high affinity for hormone - it doesn't take much |
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How is hormone activity regulated? |
-Finite number of receptor molecules limits response -Peptide hormones have short half-lives -Rapid catabolism of these hormones by plasma enzymes - making it inactive -Steroid and thyroid hormones are sequestered |
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What are the three pools of hormones associated with activity regulation? |
-Bound to protein with high affinity -Cortisol binding globulin, thyroid binding globulin, sex hormone binding globulin -Bound to proteins with low affinity (albumin) -Bioavailable -Free hormone in plasma -Active |
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How are hormone LEVELS regulated? |
-Feedback control mechanism -"Feedback" - the production of one thing affects the production of a second thing
-Positive or negative |
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Describe the actual mechanism behind "Feedback Control Mechanism"...? |
-The first thing causes production of the second thing -The second thing feeds back to the first thing to control production |
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What are some reasons for Endocrine Disorders? |
-Unregulated, overproduction of hormone -Hormone deficiency -Defective release or transport -Defective uptake by receptors -Abnormal metabolism or clearance (most glands have a large functional reserve) |
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What percentage of gland can be destroyed before signs of deficiency appear? |
50-90% |
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What do lab results for hormones usually look like in early endocrine disease? |
-Lab test results are often normal in early endocrine disease |
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What is the most common endocrine disorder? |
-Diabetes Mellitus |
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What are the three levels of endocrine disorders? |
-Primary: -Problem with gland or tissue that secrets the hormone -Secondary: -Problem with pituitary gland -Tertiary: -Problem with hypothalamus or CNS |
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What are some ways we can take hormone measurements? |
-Bioassays -Receptor-Based Assays -Immunoassays |
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What are bioassays? |
OLD tests -not done clinically anymore -Inject hormones into animals and look for response |
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What are Receptor-Based Assays? |
-Detect in vitro interactions of hormones/receptors -Sample + labeled hormone added to receptors -Measure bound label -Competitive: more labeled activity = Less patient hormone -Mostly used in research |
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What is an Immunoassay? |
-Antibody reagent SPECIFIC for hormone -Antigen-antibody reaction in first phase binds all hormone (antigen) -Second antibody, with label attached -Sandwich assay -Wash -Measure label (fluorescence or enzyme activity -Sensitive, specific, automatable, reproducible |
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What are the specific hormones of importance from the Pituitary? |
-Peptide Hormones: -Growth hormone (GH) - promotes growth of soft tissue -Prolactin - stimulates and sustains lactation -Adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates adrenal gland to create and secrete cortiocsteroid hormones -Follicle-stimulating hormone -stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles/sperm production -Luteinizing hormone - promotes ovulation/stimulates testosterone -Thyroid-stimulating hormone -Anti-diuretic hormone - stimulates water reabsorption in kidney tubules |
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What are the specific hormones of importance from the Adrenal Gland? |
-Steroid hormones: -Cortisol - maintains homeostasis of carbs, fat, protein metabolism -Aldosterone - regulates sodium retention, potassium loss, extracellular fluid volume -Estrogen/testosterone - stimulate development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. -Produced in gonads as well |
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What hormone is important in the parathyroid gland? |
-Parathyroid hormone -Peptide -Increases calcium reabsorption in kidney -Increases bone resorption |
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What hormone is important in the placenta? |
-hCG -Peptide -Helps suppress menses and sustain pregnancy |
