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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Were is progesterone made? |
Corpus luteum, placenta |
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Where is oxytocin made? |
PVN |
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Where is glucagon made? |
alpha cells of pancreas |
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Where is testosterone made? |
Leydig cells; adrenals |
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Where is vasopressin made? |
SON |
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Where is estradiol made? |
Granulosa cells |
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Where is estriol made? |
placenta |
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Where is estrone made? |
adipocytes |
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Where is somatostatin made? |
Delta cells of pancreas |
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What hormone increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis? |
Glucocorticoids |
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What hormones use cAMP system? |
FLAT ChAMP FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH
+ Calcitonin, GHRH, glucaton |
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What hormones us IP3 system? |
GOAT HAG: GnRH Oxytocin ADH (V1) TRH Histamine Angiotensin II Gastrin |
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What hormones us cGMP system? |
Vasodilators - NO - ANP |
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What hormones use intrinsic TK receptors? |
Insulin PRL IGF-1 PDGF FGF
These use the MAP kinase pathway |
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Basophilic pituitary cells |
B-FLAT: Basophils are: FSH LH ACTH TSH |
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What does bombesin stain? |
Gastric Carcinomas and also Neuroblastomas |
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what hormones have a common alpha subunit? |
TSH LH FSH β-hCG |
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Effects of insulin |
Glucose transport into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue Increased glycogen synthesis and storage Increased TG synthesis Increased protein synthesis Decreased glucagon release Increased sodium retention Increased cellular uptake of K+ and AAs |
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mechanism of insulin release from B cells |
Glucose enters cells via GLUT 2 Glucose converted to ATP ATP binds to K channel and blocks it Intracellular K increases; membrane depolarizes Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open Stimulation of insulin exocytosis |
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Actions of glucagon |
Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis, ketone production Stimulation of some insulin production |
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Adrenergic regulation of insulin |
alpha 2: ↓ insulin beta 2: ↑ insulin |
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why use glucagon in B-blocker OD? |
↑ cAMP |
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Analog of GHRH used to tx HIV-associated lipodystrophy |
Tesamorelin |
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Actions of PRL |
* Mammary gland develop, milk production |
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Control of thyroid hormone production |
Increases with TRH Decreases with Somatostatin |
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What does GHRH increase? |
GH ACTH PRL |
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What is Bromocriptine? |
DA agonist used in the treatment of prolactinoma |
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Actions of growth hormone |
Think turning fat into muscle - lipolysis - protein synthesis - glucose uptake ↑ in mm, ↓ in adipocytes |
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Regulation of GH |
Increases with sleep, exercise Decreases with glucose, somatostatin (via somatomedin) |
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Functions of ADH: V1 V2 |
V1: blood pressure V2: serum osmolarity |
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Treatment for central DI |
Desmopressin |
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What does anastrazole do? |
Aromatase inhibitor |
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What does finasteride do? |
5alpha reductase inhibitor |
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Sx of 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
- Masculinization - Hypotension - Salt wasting - increased K+ - Increased renin activity |
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Sx of 11B hydroxylase deficiency |
- HTN - Masculinization (less so than 21 hydroxylase def.) - Decreased renin activity |
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Sx of 17a hydroxylase deficiency |
- HTN - pseudohermaphroditism (no sex hormones) (phenotypic female who can't mature) |
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Actions of cortiol |
BIGFIB
Blood pressure increase Insulin resistance Gluconeogenesis increase Fibroblast activity decrease Inflammatory/immune response decrease Bone formation decreased |
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MOA of increased BP with cortisol |
Upregulates a1 receptors on arterioles |
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Why do glucocorticoids cause increased WBCs? |
They reduce WBC adhesion and cause release of marginated neutrophils |
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3 forms of plasma Ca |
ionized (45%) Bound to albumin (40%) Bound to anions (15%) |
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How do increases in pH causes changes in [Ca]? |
decreased pH = ↑ H+ ions, which compete with Ca on albumin. - Hypercalcemia
Increased pH = ↑ affinity of albumin for Ca - Hypocalcemia - Pain, paresthesias, carpopedal spasms
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Describe how PTH acts on ostoclasts |
Increases production of M-CSF and RANKL RANKL from osteoblasts and osteocytes binds RANK on osteoclasts and their precursors to stimulate osteoclasts and ↑ Ca2+ |
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Regulation of PTH secretion |
Increases PTH: - Decreased serum Ca - Increased serum PO4 - Decreased serum Mg (diuretics, EtOH, AGs, diarrhea)
Very low Mg decreases PTH |
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How can malignancy alter calcium levels? |
Squamous cell cancers, RCC, breast mets: via PTrP
MM via IL-1 |
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Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism |
solitary parathyroid adenoma |
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What hormones use receptor-associated TK? |
PIGGlET Prolactin Immunomodulators GH G-CSF EPO Thrombopoietin
Use the JAK/STAT pathway |
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Difference between JACK/STAT and intrinsic TK pathway |
JAK/STAT: translocates to nucleus Intrinsic MAP: Mediated by SH2. Downstream signals involving MAP kinase |
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Functions of T3 |
Brain maturation Bone growth B-adrenergic effects Basal metabolic rate increased |
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Wolff-Chaikoff effect |
Excess iodine temporarily inhibits TPO |
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MOA of PTU, methimazole |
Both inhibit TPO PTU also inhibits 5' deiodinase |
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Sx of Cushing's |
BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma Oseoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
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Causes of aldrenal insufficiency |
A Granny Made Her Infamous Water Fried Donuts Adrenal atrophy/autoimmune Granulomatous disease Metastasis HIV Infarction Waterhouse-Friderichesen DIC |
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Abdominal tumor that crosses the midline |
Neuroblastoma |
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Oncogene associated with neuroblastoma |
N-myc |
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Rule of 10s for pheochromocytoma |
10% are malignant 10% are bilateral 10% are extra-adrenal 10% calcify 10% are in kids |
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Tumor syndrome with pheochromocytoma |
MEN2A, 2B NF1 vHL |
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Cholesterol findings in thyroid disease |
Hypothyroid: hypercholesterolemia Hyperthyroid: hypocholesterolemia |
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Lyphoid aggregates in the thyroid |
Hashimoto's |
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Hashimoto's predisposes to ___ cancer |
NHL (B cell lymphoma) |
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Thyroid that shows multinucleated giant cells |
Subacute/DeQuervian thyroiditis (granulomas) |
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A rock-hard, painless goiter in kids adult |
Kids: Riedel thyroiditis Adults: anaplastic carcinoma |
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Tx of thyroid storm |
B blocker PTU Prednisone |
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Jod-Basedow Phenomenon |
Thyrotoxicosis if a patient with iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete |
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"Orphan annie eyes" |
Papillary carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor that makes calcitonin |
Medullary carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor with uniform cuboidal cells lining follicles |
Follicular carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor associated with psammoma bodies |
Papillary carcnoma |
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Thyroid tumor associated with childhood iradiation |
Papillary carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor associated with Hashimoto Thyroiditis |
Lymphoma |
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Thyroid tumor with branching structures |
Papillary carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor with solid sheets of cells and amyloid deposition |
medullary carcionma |
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Thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation |
Papillary |
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Thyroid carcinoma with PPARg, PAX mutations |
Follicular |
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Shortened 4th/5th digits and short stature |
Pseudohypoparathyroidism |
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Clinical uses of octreotide |
Pituitary excess (Acromegaly, thyrotropinoma, ACTH-secreting tumors)
GI endocrine excess (ZE syndrome, carcinoid, VIPoma) |
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What is Laron Dwarfism? |
Altered GH receptor leading to dwarfism |
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Causes of nephrogenic DI |
Li Demeclocycline Hypercalcemia |
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Tx of nephrogenic DI |
HCTZ Indomethacin amiloride |
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Dx of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
Secretin stimulaiton test: gastrin levels remain elevated after administration of secretion. |
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Thyroid tumor with polygonal cellular nests and congo red staining plaques |
Medullary carcinoma |
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Thyroid tumor with large cells |
Anaplastic |
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Demeclocycine |
ADH antagonist |
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Cinacalcet |
Sensitizes Ca2+ sensiting receptor in parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+ resulting in decreased PTH |
