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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe endocrine glands
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effects tend to be widespread
they may target many organs secretes chemicals into the blood |
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What are the 8 major endocrine glands
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Pancreas Adrenals Gonads Pineal |
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What is the connection whith the CNS and the endocrine system calles
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Hypothalmus
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what does the posterior pituitary respond to
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nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
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what does the anterior pituitary respond to
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Hypothalamic hormones
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What is Diabetes insipidus
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is caused by inadequate ADH from the posterior pituitary
marked by increased urine output up to 20 liters per day |
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where is oxitocin produced
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posterior pituitary
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how can we effect the release of Oxytocin
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giving IV fluid bolus will cause decreased release of ADH and in turn cause decreased release of Oxitocin which may slow labor
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In the Islets of lagenhorn in the pancreas what do alpha cells produce
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Glucagon
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What does Glucagon do
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stimulates the break down of glycogen in the liver
also stimulates the breakdown of body proteins and fats with subsequent conversonin to glucose |
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In the Islets of lagenhor in the pancreas what do the beta cells produce
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Insulin
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what does Insulin do
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It is the antagonist of glucagon it lowers blood glucose by increasing its uptake by body cells, it also promotes storage of glycogen, protein and fat
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how fast does the liver remove circulating insulin and why do we care
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it removes it within 10-15min
so there must be a constant supply if not glucose levels will run very high |
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what do delta cells produse
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Somatostatin which acts within the islets of legerhorn
to inhibit the secretion fo glucagon and insulin |
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Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they do
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on the superior surface of the kidneys, the adrenal medulla secretes epi and the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
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what does cortisol do
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it increases blood glucose level by promoting gluconeogenesis and decreasing glucose utilization as an energy source
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what is known as the hormone of pregnance
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progensterone
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what is detected in at home pregnacy tests
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human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by the plecenta
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what is the most common endocrin emergency
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diabetes mellitus
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what does insipidus mean
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neutral
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what does mellitus mean
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sweet
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what are the two requirments for insulin effectivness
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there must be sufficient insulin in the blood
It must be able to bind to body cells |
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what are ketone bodies
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compounds produced during the catabolism of fatty acids
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what is osmotic diuresis
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this is th increased urination and dehydration taht results when glucose cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and this osmosis prevents water absorption
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what is glycosuria
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glucose in urine
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Describe type 1 diabetes
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very low production of insulin sometimes none, also called juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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describe type 2 diabetes
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moderate decline of insulin production accompanied bya markedly deficient response to insulin called non insulin dependent diabetes
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what is ketoacidosis
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this is when the body goes into acidosis due to metabolizing fats because of a lack of insulin
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what is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
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inadequate insulin activity maked by high blood glucose and dehydration and decreased mental funcion common in Type 2 diabetes NO ACIDOSIS
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Diabetic patients with kidney failure may be predisposed to what
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Hypoglycemia because of lack of renal gluconeogenesis
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what is graves disease
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endocrine disorder characterized by excess thyroid hormonen
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signs of graves disease
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exophthalmos
diffuse goiter new onset afib tachycardia and weight loss |
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what is thyrotoxic crisis
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toxic condition characterized by hyperthermia and tachycardia and rapid metabolisme also known as a thyroid storm
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what does severe hypothyroidism create
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Myxedema a thickening of connective tissue including the heart
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what are the early signs of hyperthyroidism
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low metabolic state and poor organ function and poor response to exercise or infection
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what are the classic signs of myxedema
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unemotional puffy face
thinned hair and enlarged tongue, pale cool skin and feels like dough |
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Myxedema management
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ABC .. and this patient will have a low tempreture but active rewarming is contraindicated due to cardiac compormisee
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what is cushings syndrome caused by
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excessive adrenocortical activity
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what is addisons disease caused by
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decreased adrenocortical activity
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describe signs and symptoms of chushings syndrome
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moon face
buffalo hump thin skin easy brusing and delayed healng, mood swings and impaired memory |
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what are many adrenal insufficiencies caused by
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Prednisone
which can completely suppress normal adrenal function |
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what is Addisonian crisis
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form of shock associated with adrenocortical insufficienccy and characterized by profound hypotension and electrolyte imbalances
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What is the most common endocrine disorder
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diabetes mellitus
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what are the predisposing factors that have been identified for diabetes
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heredity, viral infection, autoimmune antibodies and obesity
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what is the key factor in the predisposition for graves disease
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heredity
although antibodies are known to trigger the excess production of thyroid hormone |
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what is the common trigger factpr for thyrotoxicosis
or thyroid storm |
sever physiological stress
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approximately half of all adrenal gland disorders are due to what
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autoimmune disorders or physiological stress
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what do hormones regulate
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metabolic activity
growth and development a and chemical reactions to keep a balance in the body |
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when blood glucose levels rise above 180 mg/dl what is the result
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polyuria, because the kidneys can no longer reabsorbe the glucose and it spills into the uring changing the osmotic pressure and water follows glucose
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what do the beta cells in the pancreas produce
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insulin
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of all diabetic cases what % is type 2
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90%
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what do the alpha cells in the pancreas release
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Glucagon
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Describe hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma
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Ketosis is absent because of the presence of insulin inhibits lipolysis, the hyperosmolarity causis dehydreation
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what is Graves disease
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hyperthyroidism
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what is Myxedema
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hypothyroidism
and a geneeralized decrease in metabolism |
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Signs and symptoms of Myxedema
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hoarse voice, slow speech , facial bloating, weakness, cold intolerance, lethargy and fatigue, depresion
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what is Cushings syndrome
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Hyperadrenalism
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what causes Cushings syndrome
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long term glucocorticoid therapy or by abnormalities of the adrenal glands
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signs and symptoms of cushings syndrome
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weight gain in the trunk of the body, moon faced, buffalo hump, thin skin and they bruise easily, delayed healing
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What is Addisons disease
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adrenal insufficiency
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what causes addisons disease
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autoimmune disorder causing atrophy of the adrenal glands
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describe addisonian crisis
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it is a life threatening medical emergency characterized by profound hypotension and shock which can be fatal
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what can a addisonian crisis be caused by
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people with addisons disease who have been exposed to stress such as acute infection , trauma, dehydration, or emotional duress
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when blood glucose levels fall what do the alpha cells in the pancreas do
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secrete glucagon
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where is oxytocin released from
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posterior pituitary gland
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what are the pancratic hormones
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insulin
pancreatic polypeptide glucagon somatostatin |
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where is cortisol produced
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the adrenal cortex
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what hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands
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epinephrine
aldosterone cortisol |
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what is the primary function of aldosterone
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regulate sodium and potassium
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is bradycardia a symptom of thyrotoxic crisis
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NO
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what are the symptoms of Myxedema coma
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hypothermia
decreased mental status low amplitude brady co2 retention |
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what is addisons disease
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it is a adrenal insufficiency
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the break down of a molecule
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catabolism
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to build up a molecule
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anabolism
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