Endocrinology

Front 1

Which hormone binds to an intracellular receptor?
A. epinephrine
B. dopamine
C. glucagon
D. aldosterone
E. IGF-1

Back 1

D. aldosterone

Front 2

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism to turn off Gs signaling?
A. ↑ Protein phosphatase activity
B. ↑ Protein Kinase A activity
C. ↑ phosphodiesterase activity
D. ↑ receptor phosphorylation by βARK
E. ↑ GTPase activity of Gα subunit

Back 2

B. ↑ Protein Kinase A activity

Front 3

3. What type of receptor undergoes autophosphorylation upon hormone binding?
A. serpentine (7 transmembrane)
B. cytokine
C. intracellular
D. guanylyl cyclase-linked
E. growth factor

Back 3

E. growth factor

Front 4

4. Which of the following is a C-19 steroid?
A. cortisol
B. pregnenolone
C. progesterone
D. testosterone
E. aldosterone

Back 4

D. testosterone

Front 5

5. All of the following are derived from arachidonic acid EXCEPT:
A. leukotrienes
B. thromboxanes
C. diacylglycerols
D. prostacyclins
E. prostaglandins

Back 5

C. diacylglycerols

Front 6

6. Which of the following is(are) effect(s) of prostaglandins?
A. platelet aggregation
B. stomach mucus production
C. inflammation
D. pain
E. all of the above

Back 6

E. all of the above

Front 7

which one is not affected by COX-2 inhibitors?
A. platelet aggregation
B. stomach mucus production
C. inflammation
D. pain
E. all of the above

Back 7

B. stomach mucus production

Front 8

8. What type of anterior pituitary cells are primarily regulated by dopamine inhibition?
A. lactotrophs
B. corticotrophs
C. gonadotrophs
D. somatotrophs
E. thyrotrophs

Back 8

A. lactotrophs

Front 9

9. A parent is concerned that their son is not growing as quickly as other children his age. If his growth hormone levels are normal, what could be the cause of his slow growth?
A. increased GHRH
B. increased dopamine
C. non-functional IGF-1 receptors
D. decreased somatostatin
E. pituitary tumor of the somatotrophs

Back 9

C. non-functional IGF-1 receptors

Front 10

10. When ADH binds to its receptor, all of the following occur EXCEPT:
A. increase in cAMP
B. increase in exocytosis of aquaporins
C. increased urine osmolarity
D. decrease in water entering renal capillaries
E. increase in PKA and protein phosphorylation

Back 10

D. decrease in water entering renal capillaries

Front 11

11. All of the following can stimulate oxytocin secretion EXCEPT:
A. stretch of the cervix
B. mechanical stimulation of the breasts
C. a lactating mother hears a baby crying
D. contraction of uterus during labor
E. none of the above

Back 11

E. none of the above

Front 12

12. Which of the following are located in the colloid of the thyroid gland?
A. vesicles with thyroglobulin
B. lysosomes
C. 3,5-diiodotyrosine
D. Na+/I- transporters
E. TSH receptors

Back 12

C. 3,5-diiodotyrosine

Front 13

13. A patient comes to you with hypothyroidism. Which of the following would you expect to observe?
A. slow reflexes
B. myxedema
C. sensitivity to cold
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Back 13

D. all of the above

Front 14

14. A patient comes to you with Graves disease. Which of the following do you expect to observe?
A. slow reflexes
B. myxedema
C. sensitivity to cold
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Back 14

E. none of the above

Front 15

15. Which of the following is not caused by an autoimmune disorder?
A. Graves disease
B. Cushing’s disease
C. Type 1 diabetes
D. Hashimoto’s disease
E. None of the above

Back 15

B. Cushing’s disease

Front 16

. Cells that secrete hormones that act systemically are _____________, cells that secrete hormones that act locally are _____________, and cells that act on themselves are __________.
a. paracrine, exocrine, autocrine
b. endocrine, intracrine, paracrine
c. juxtacrine, neurocrine, autocrine
d. endocrine, paracrine, autocrine
e. paracrine, autocrine, endocrine

Back 16

d. endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

Front 17

Ligand and receptor interactions are governed by the Law of Mass Action. KD, the dissociation constant, defines the affinity of the hormone—receptor interaction. What is the correct relationship between KD and affinity?
a. The lower the KD the lower the affinity.
b. The higher the KD the lower the affinity.
c. The higher the KD the higher the affinity.
d. Only a and c.
e. None of the above

Back 17

b. The higher the KD the lower the affinity.

Front 18

Phosphatidylinositolbisphosphate is cleaved in the membrane to produce two products. What are they and where does each go?
a. diacylglycerol, cytosol and inositoltriphosphate, membrane
b. diacylglycerine, membrane and inositoldiphosphate, cytosol
c. diacylglycerol, membrane and inositoltriphosphate, cytosol
d. diacylglycerol, cytosol and inositoldiphosphate, membrane
e. diacylglycerol, membrane and inositoldiphosphate, nucleus

Back 18

c. diacylglycerol, membrane and inositoltriphosphate, cytosol

Front 19

Acetylcholine or Bradykinin bind to receptors on endothelial cells and activate the following signal transduction pathway:
a. Tyrosine Kinase
b. Guanylyl Cyclase
c. Janus Kinase
d. Gs
e. Gq

Back 19

b. Guanylyl Cyclase

Front 20

The family of thyroid receptors includes receptors for which of the following:
a. Thyroid hormones
b. Estrogen
c. Retinoic acid
d. Vitamin D
e. All of the above

Back 20

e. All of the above

Front 21

The synthesis and normal cell location of the following receptors involves V-Snares, T-Snares, COP I and COP II, EXCEPT:
a. peptide hormone receptors
b. steroid hormone receptors
c. protein hormone receptors
d. adrenergic receptors
e. None of the above

Back 21

b. steroid hormone receptors

Front 22

Prostaglandins are synthesized from the precursor _____________ by the enzyme __________. Leukotrienes are synthesized from the precursor _____________ by the enzyme _______________.
a. Cholesterol, Phospholipase A2, Arachidonic Acid, Cyclooxygenase
b. Arachidonic Acid, Lipoxygenase, Arachidonic Acid, Cyclooxygenase
c. Arachidonic Acid, Lipoxygenase, Cholesterol, Phospholipase A2
d. Arachidonic Acid, Cyclooxygenase, Arachidonic Acid, Lipoxygenase
e. Arachidonic Acid, Cyclooxygenase, Cholesterol, Phospholipase A2

Back 22

d. Arachidonic Acid, Cyclooxygenase, Arachidonic Acid, Lipoxygenase

Front 23

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is regulated by:
a. Hypothalamic secretion of PTSHRH
b. Pituitary secretion of PTHSH
c. Negative feedback of PTH on the parathyroid gland.
d. The plasma concentration of free Ca2+
e. All of the above.

Back 23

d. The plasma concentration of free Ca2+

Front 24

The physiological advantage of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is that:
a. target cells receive the highest concentration of hormones
b. hormones released in the systemic circulation have very long half lives
c. target cells are more sensitive to a small concentration of hormone
d. hormones are diluted dilute in the portal system
e. negative feedback inhibition is faster than via the systemic circulation

Back 24

a. target cells receive the highest concentration of hormones

Front 25

Excess Growth Hormone before puberty will produce _________ and after puberty will produce _________.
a. Gigantism, Acromegaly
b. Dwarfism, Acromegaly
c. Acromegaly, Gigantism
d. Acromegaly, Dwarfism
e. Gigantism, Dwarfism

Back 25

a. Gigantism, Acromegaly

Front 26

Growth Hormone secretion is stimulated by:
a. GHRH
b. Ghrelin.
c. Arginine.
d. Sleep.
e. All of the above

Back 26

e. All of the above

Front 27

Growth Hormone secretion is inhibited by:
a. Somatostatin
b. Glucose.
c. Sleep.
d. All of the above
e. Only a and b.

Back 27

e. Only a and b.

Front 28

The transcriptional effects of β-adrenergic receptor activation are mediated by phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein). Which of the following is taken-up by the nucleus to cause phosphorylation of CREB?
a. cAMP
b. Adenylyl cyclase
c. Gα subunit of the Gs protein
d. Protein Kinase A catalytic subunit
e. Protein Kinase A holoenzyme

Back 28

d. Protein Kinase A catalytic subunit

Front 29

Desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor response after continued stimulation involves:
a. activation of βARK by Gβγ
b. phosphorylation of the receptor by βARK
c. binding of arrestin to the phosphorylated receptor
d. Endocytosis of arrestin-bound receptors
e. all of the above

Back 29

e. all of the above

Front 30

A patient has sustained an injury to thyrotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary. Which of the following would you expect to find?.
a. ↓ thyroxine ↓ TSH ↑ TRH ↓ Rate of metabolism
b. ↑ thyroxine ↑ TSH ↓ TRH ↑ Rate of metabolism
c. ↑ thyroxine ↑ TSH ↑ TRH ↑ Rate of metabolism
d. ↓ thyroxine ↓ TSH ↓ TRH ↓ Rate of metabolism
e. ↑ thyroxine ↑ TSH ↓ TRH ↓ Rate of metabolism

Back 30

a. ↓ thyroxine ↓ TSH ↑ TRH ↓ Rate of metabolism

Front 31

TSH has all of the following effects EXCEPT:
a. increases thyroglobulin synthesis
b. increases exocytosis of thyroglobulin
c. increases the sodium – iodide co-transporter
d. increases synthesis of thyroid peroxidase
e. increases iodination of free tyrosines

Back 31

e. increases iodination of free tyrosines

Front 32

Which of the following is not a mechanism by which thyroid hormones increase heat production?
a. increased shivering.
b. increased fat metabolism
c. uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
d. increased ion pumps and leaks.
e. none of the above. All are increased by thyroid hormones.

Back 32

a. increased shivering.

Front 33

Insulin promotes triglyceride storage in adipose tissue by which of the following actions:
a. inducing production of lipoprotein lipase
b. increasing availability of α glycerol phosphate
c. inhibiting hormone sensitive lipase
d. none of the above
e. all of the above

Back 33

e. all of the above

Front 34

The mechanism by which glucose metabolism and sulfonylureas cause insulin secretion by B cells of the pancreas is:
a. open Na-channels, which depolarize the cells.
b. open Ca-channels, which depolarize the cells
c. close ATPK-channels, which depolarize the cells.
d. open ATPK channels, which hyperpolarize the cells.
e. open ATPCa channels, which cause exocytosis of insulin vesicles

Back 34

c. close ATPK-channels, which depolarize the cells

Front 35

Insulin vesicles contain, in addition to insulin:
a. C-peptide and some proinsulin
b. proinsulin
c. pre-proinsulin
d. proinsulin and pre-proinsulin
e. nothing else.

Back 35

a. C-peptide and some proinsulin

Front 36

The secretion of insulin is stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. increase in glucose
b. increase in amino acids
c. incretins like GLP-1 and GIP
d. sulfonylureas
e. increase in sympathetic activation during digestion

Back 36

e. increase in sympathetic activation during digestion

Front 37

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activity…
a. is increased by phosphorylation by PKA
b. is increased as a result of insulin binding its receptor
c. is increased as a result of glucagon binding its receptor
d. a and b
e. a and c

Back 37

e. a and c

Front 38

Insulin…
a. stimulates glucokinase
b. inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase
c. stimulates glycogen synthetase
d. all of the above
e. a and b only

Back 38

d. all of the above

Front 39

A complication that increases the severity of symptoms of diabetes mellitus, but is not seen in diabetes insipidus is:
a. increased glucagon secretion
b. increased plasma osmolarity
c. polyuria,
d. polydipsia.
e. dehydration

Back 39

a. increased glucagon secretion

Front 40

The following results are obtained in a glucose tolerance test: [plasma glucose]: fasting : 100mg/dL, 2hr sample: 150 mg/dL. Your diagnosis:
a. normal person.
b. metabolic syndrome
c. type 1 diabetes
d. type 2 diabetes
e. hyperinsulinism

Back 40

b. metabolic syndrome

Front 41

Thiazolidinediones are drugs that are indicated in type 2 diabetics with increased insulin secretion because they inhibit the secretion of:
a. leptin
b. resistin
c. adiponectin
d. obestatin.
e. glucagon.

Back 41

b. resistin

Front 42

During a hiking trip with a group, a type 1 diabetic becomes confused and loses consciousness. How do you know if he overdosed on insulin or if he is in a diabetic coma with ketoacidosis? Which sign(s) or symptom(s) will tell you that it is the latter and you’ll save him by injecting insulin? (if you miss and inject him, you might kill him). (you decide not to taste his urine).
a. signs of sympathetic activation: sweating, paleness, increased heart rate.
b. dehydration.
c. hyperventilation
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above

Back 42

c. hyperventilation

Front 43

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?
a. hyperexcitable nerves and muscles, tetany
b. tetanus
c. decreased excitability
d. hypertension
e. kidney stones

Back 43

a. hyperexcitable nerves and muscles, tetany

Front 44

Which receptor(s) does(do) osteoblasts have that stimulate their activity?
a. calcitonin
b. Vitamin D3
c. PTH
d. calcitonin and PTH
e. PTH and Vitamin D3

Back 44

e. PTH and Vitamin D3

Front 45

The ruffled border of an active osteoclast is called:
a. extracellular vesicle
b. extracellular lysosome
c. extracellular protease
d. extracellular phagosome
e. brush border

Back 45

b. extracellular lysosome

Front 46

Which receptor(s) does(do) osteoclasts have that inhibit their activity?
a. calcitonin
b. Vitamin D3
c. PTH
d. calcitonin and PTH
e. PTH and Vitamin D3

Back 46

a. calcitonin

Front 47

The first hydroxylation of vitamin D3
a. occurs in the skin
b. occurs in the liver
c. occurs in the kidney
d. occurs in intestine
e. inactivates it

Back 47

b. occurs in the liver

Front 48

What is the correct pathway of catecholamine synthesis?
a. Dopamine → Tyrosine → Dopa → Epinephrine → Norepinephrine
b. Tyrosine → Epinephrine → Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine
c. Tyrosine → Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine
d. Dopa → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine → Dopamine → Tyrosine
e. Epinephrine → Dopa → Dopamine → Tyrosine → Norepinephrine

Back 48

c. Tyrosine → Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine

Front 49

What do Sertoli cells secrete?
a. Androgen Binding Protein
b. Inhibin
c. Anti-Mullerian Hormone
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Back 49

d. All of the above

Front 50

P450 aromatase activity is highest in:
a. Granulosa cells
b. Theca cells.
c. Leydig cells
d Sertoli cells
e. b and d.

Back 50

a. Granulosa cells

Front 51

A longtime user of anabolic steroids goes to the doctor because a friend warned him of adverse side effects? What side effect will the doctor NOT encounter?
a. increased HDL
b. increased hematocrit
c. decreased sperm count
d. liver disease
e. breast enlargement

Back 51

a. increased HDL

Front 52

If a baby born with XY genotype had a mutation in his androgen receptors, what gonads, accessory structures, and external genitalia would it have?
a. ovaries, none, female
b. testes, female, female
c. testes, none, female
d. ovaries, male, male
e. testes, none, male

Back 52

c. testes, none, female

Front 53

If a baby born with XY genotype had a mutation of 5-α-reductase, what gonads, accessory structures, and external genitalia would it have?
a. ovaries, none, female
b. testes, male, female
c. testes, none, female
d. ovaries, male, male
e. testes, none, male

Back 53

b. testes, male, female

Front 54

Which hormone spikes at ovulation?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. Estradiol
d. Progesterone
e. Inhibin

Back 54

b. LH

Front 55

The presence of which hormone is detected in urine pregnancy tests?
a. hPL
b. Relaxin
c. Oxytocin
d. hCG
e. Progesterone

Back 55

d. hCG

Front 56

Certain breast cancer drugs prevent estrogen from binding its receptor. What other effects might these drugs have on other tissues?
a. increased breast size
b. decreased milk production
c. deposition of fat on hips
d. decreased calcium deposition in bones
e. increased libido

Back 56

d. decreased calcium deposition in bones

Front 57

For a patient with primary Cushing’s Syndrome, what would be his levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol?
a. ↓CRH ↓ACTH ↑cortisol
b. ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↑cortisol
c. ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↓cortisol
d. ↓CRH ↓ACTH ↓cortisol
e. ↑CRH ↓ACTH ↓cortisol

Back 57

a. ↓CRH ↓ACTH ↑cortisol

Front 58

The loss of a certain hormone in mice causes an obese phenotype. When used as a weight loss drug for humans, however, the results were minimal. What is this hormone secreted by adipocytes?
a. adiponectin
b. leptin
c. resistin
d. insulin
e. incretin

Back 58

b. leptin

Front 59

Why is it important to expose your skin to sunlight periodically?
a. UV light adds 1,25(OH)2 D3 to your circulation
b. UV light increases PTH secretion
c. UV light converts 25-OH D3 into 1,25(OH)2 D3
d. UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3
e. UV light increases the concentration of vitamin D2

Back 59

d. UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3

Front 60

The chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines. Where are they located?
A. adrenal cortex
B. zona reticularis
C. zona glomerulosa
D. distal tubule
E. adrenal medulla

Back 60

E. adrenal medulla

Front 61

Which step does not belong in the sequence of events after cortisol enters the cell?
a. cortisol binds the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor
b. hsp 90 dissociate
c. receptors form tetramers to bind to DNA
d. cytokine production is inhibited via NF-κB
e. changes in protein synthesis occur

Back 61

c. receptors form tetramers to bind to DNA

Front 62

Putting cortisone on the skin alleviates inflammation even though it is the inactive form of cortisol. How does this occur?
A. cortisone can bind to the glucocorticoid receptor
B. cortisone can bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor
C. cortisone is metabolized and reformed into cortisol
D. cortisone is converted to cortisol using the 11β-dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme
E. cortisone uses NF-κB to decrease the immune response

Back 62

D. cortisone is converted to cortisol using the 11β-dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme

Front 63

Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by which of the following?
a. autoimmune disease
b. fungal infections
c. pituitary tumors
d. disturbed circadian rhythms that affect CRH secretion
e. all of the above

Back 63

e. all of the above

Front 64

Which of the following is/are symptoms of Addison’s disease?
a. weight gain
b. hyperpigmentation
c. euphoria
d. a and b
e. a and c

Back 64

b. hyperpigmentation

Front 65

Which of the following is not released as a result of hypoglycemia?
a. Epinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Glucagon
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Back 65

e. None of the above

Front 66

Which one of these would turn off the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System?
A. Increased plasma K.
B. Increased Blood Pressure.
C. Decreased Blood Volume.
D. Decreased ADH.
E. Decreased Aldosterone.

Back 66

B. Increased Blood Pressure.

Front 67

The Zona Glomerulosa secretes:
a. Glucocorticoids.
b. Cortisol.
c. Androstenedione.
d. Dehydroepiandrosterone.
e. Aldosterone.

Back 67

e. Aldosterone.