Endocrinology

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hormone

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chemical messenger carried by blood from gland to target

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paracrine agnet

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chem messenger that isn't carried by blood

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up-regualtion

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increased in receptor number due to low hormone concentration

increase reactivity

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down-regualtion

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decrease in receptor number due to over-exposure to hormone

decrease reactivity

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permissiveness

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hormone A must be present for hormone B to be effective

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physiological effects

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typical effects of a hormone caused by normal hormone levels

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pharmacological effects

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new effects of a hormone acused by super-high levels

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amine class hormones

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thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

epinephrine

dopamine

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thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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set metabolic rate of all tissues

hydrophobic

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epinephrine

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prepare body for fight-or-flight resopnse to unpleasant situation

hydrophilic

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dopamine

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neurotransmitter released by hypothalamus

inhibits release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

hydrophilic

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peptides class hormones

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all hydrophilic

e.g. insulin, growth hormone

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steroids class hormones

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all from cholesterol so all hydrophobic

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
testosterone
estrogen and progesterone

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aldosterone

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(adrenal cortex)

regulate excretion of Na and K ions in kidneys; also neurocorticoid

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cortisol

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(adrenal cortex)

released during periods of stress; main glucocorticoid secreted

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androgens

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(adrenal cortex)

grp of hormones w/ testosterone-like effects

in men and women

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testosterone

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(testes)

involved in reproduction in males

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estrogen and progesterone

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(ovaries and placenta)

involved in reproduction in females

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oxytocin

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relaesed by posterior pituitary

affects breasts and uterus; cause contraction of smooth muscle during lactation and labor

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vasporessin (antidiuretic hormone)

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secreted by posterior pituitary

affects kidneys, increase amt of water retained

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hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

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oxytocin
vasopressin

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hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
prolactin

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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affects gonads; cause secretion of estrogen and progesterone (or testosterone)

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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affects gonads; same as FSH

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gonadotropins

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FSH and LH

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growth hormone (GH)

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affects liver; cause secretion of IFG-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1)

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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affects thyroid; cause secretion of T4 and T3

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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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affects adrenal cortex; cause secretion of cortisol

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prolactin

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affects breasts; cause production of milk

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tropic hormone

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hormone that functions to cause secretion of another hormone

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hypothalamic hormones that travel portal vessles to anterior pituitary are:

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gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone releaseing hormone (GHRH)
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
dopamine

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gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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cause release of FSH AND LH (then estrogen/progesterone or testosterone)

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growth hormone releaseing hormone (GHRH)

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cause release of GH (then IFG-1)

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dopamine

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inhibits prolactin release

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prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

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cause release of prolactin (then milk)

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corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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cause release of ACTH (then release of cortisol)

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thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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cause release of TSH (then T4 and T3)

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growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

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inhibits release of GH

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tropic hormone

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cause secretion of another hormone