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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 major endocrine glands?
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1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroid 4. Adrenal 5. Endocrine Pancrease |
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What are 4 common features of endocrine tissues?
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1. Ductless
2. Vascular 3. Epithelial (usually) 4. Polyhedral Cells |
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What type of endothelium do endocrine cells have? Why?
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Fenestrated endothelium to allow for easy diffusion
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What are the 4 patterns of endocrine cells?
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1. Epithelial
2. Mesenchymal 3. Neural 4. Individual cells (throughout body) |
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What are 2 structural characteristics of epithelial endocrine cells?
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1. Cords or clumps
2. Cells attached to each other |
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Mesenchymal endocrine cells have what type of oganizations?
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Connective tissue
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What are 2 examples of mesenchymal endocrine cells?
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1. Leydig cells
2. Ovarian stromal cells / granulosa / luteal cells |
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Individual endocrine cells are usually found where?
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The gut
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The pituitary gland is aka what?
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hypophysis
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What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?
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The stalk - infindibulum
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What are the 2 sections of the pituitary?
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Anterior and Posterior
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The anterior pit. develops from what?
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Oral Ectoderm
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The posterior pituitary develops from what?
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Neural ectoderm
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What are the 3 sections of the anterior pituitary?
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1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia 3. Pars tuberalis |
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What are the 2 sections of the posterior pituitary and what do they contain?
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1. Pars nervosa - contains neurosecretory axons and their endings
2. Infundibulum - contains neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalmohypohysial tracts |
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What is the function of the pars distalis?
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Bulk of AP; arises from thickened anterior wall of RP
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What is the function of the pars intermedia?
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Remnant of psterior wall of RP
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What is the function of the pars tuberalis?
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Forms sheath around infundibulum
Contains veins from hypothalamus/thalamus |
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What are the 3 cell types in the pars distalis?
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1. Acidophils
2. Basophils 3. Chromophobes |
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What are the 2 type of cells within acidophils and what are their functions?
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1. Somatotropes - produce GH
2. Lactotropes - produce PRL |
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What are the 3 types of cells within basophils?
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1. Corticotropes - produce ACTH
2. Gonadotrophs - produce LH/FSH 3. Thyrotropes - produce TSH |
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The pars nervosa consists of what?
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Unmylinated nerve axons and supportive cells called pituicytes
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The pars nervosa secretes what?
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ADH and oxytocin
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What are herring bodies?
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Structures within the pars nervosa where oxytocin and ADH are stored
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What is the gross shape of the thyroid?
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Butterfly
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What makes the thyroid gland unique as compared to other endocrine glands?
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Storage of secretory product is unique in the thyroid compared to other endocrine
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Follicular cells store what in the follicles for subsequent use in producvtion and section of what and what?
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Store thyroglobulin for T3/T4 production
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Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce what?
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Calcitonin
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What cellular structure is characteristic of thyroid cells?
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Follicles, each with a large lumen surrounded by a simple cuboidal epithelium
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Thyoglobulin is stored extracellularly as what until it is needed?
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Colloid
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Parafollicular cells are found where?
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Between follicles
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What are the 3 types of parenchymal cells in the parathyroid glands and what are their functions?
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1. Principal (chief) cells: Secrete PTH
2. Oxyphil cells: unknown fucntion 3. Adiposites: fat cells |
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Grossly, what do the adrenal glands look like?
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Like "napolean's hat"
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What are the 2 distinct parts of the adrenal gland?
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1. Outer Cortex (90% of gland)
2. Inner Medulla - cells similar to sympathetic neurons which secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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What are the 3 poorly defined zones of the adrenal cortex and what are their function?
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1. Zona glomerulosa - produce mineralcorticoids
2. Zona Fasiculata - produce glucocorticoids (cortisol) 3. Zona Reticularis: produce gonadocorticoids (androgenic steroids) |
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What is the mineralcorticoid that is made in the zona glomerulosa?
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Aldosterone
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What is the structure of the zona glomerulosa?
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Closely packed clusters and columns of cells
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What are the numerous liquid droplets seen in the zona fasiculata?
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They are steroid hormone precursors
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What are the nests/cords of endocrine cells scattered within the pancreas?
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Pancreatic islets
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What are the 3 main cells types in the pancreatic islets?
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A cells: make glucagon
B cells: make insulin D cells: make somatostatin |
