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42 Cards in this Set
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- Back
acromegaly
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disease process resulting from excessive secretion of somatotropin; causes progressive enlargement of peripheral body parts, commonly the face, head, hands, and feet
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Addison's disease
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chronic adrenocortical insufficiency secondary to destruction of the adrenal glands
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addisonian crisis
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acute adrenocortical insufficiency; characterized by acute hypotension, cyanosis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and the classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
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adrenalectomy
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surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, essential for growth and development
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androgens
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hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulate activity of accessory male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics
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adrenogenital syndrome
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masculinization in women, feminization in men, or premature sexual development in children; result of abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially androgens
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basal metabolic rate
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chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest
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calcitonin
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hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; participates in calcium regulation
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Chvostek's sign
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spasm of the facial muscles produced by sharply tapping over the facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear; causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye; suggestive of latent tetany in patients with hypocalcemia
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corticosteroids
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hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic equivalents; also referred to as adrenal-cortical hormone and adrenocorticosteroid; consist of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
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cretinism
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stunted body growth and mental development appearing during the first year of life as a result of congenital hypothyroidism
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Cushing's syndrome
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group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex; characterized by truncal obesity, “moon face,” acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension
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diabetes insipidus
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condition in which abnormally large volumes of dilute urine are excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin
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dilutional hyponatremia
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sodium deficiency that develops as a result of fluid retention; associated with excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with SIADH
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dwarfism
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generalized limited growth; condition caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone during childhood
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endocrine
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secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
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euthyroid
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state of normal thyroid hormone production
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exocrine
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secreting externally; hormonal secretion from excretory ducts
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exophthalmos
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abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs; produces a startled expression; usually due to hyperthyroidism
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glucocorticoids
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steroid hormones (ie, cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone) secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH; produce a rise of liver glycogen and blood glucose
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Graves' disease
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a form of hyperthyroidism; characterized by a diffuse goiter and exophthalmos
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goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland; usually caused by an iodine-deficient diet
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Hashimoto's disease
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thyroiditis characterized by high levels of antimicrosomal antibodies; most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States; also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis
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hormones
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chemical transmitter substances produced in one organ or part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to other cells or organs on which they have a specific regulatory effect; produced mainly by endocrine glands (eg, pituitary, thyroid, gonads)
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hypophysectomy
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surgical removal or destruction of all or part of the pituitary gland
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mineralocorticoid
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steroid of the adrenal cortex; influences sodium and potassium
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myxedema
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severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in subcutaneous and other interstitial tissues, a masklike expression, puffy eyelids, hair loss in the eyebrows, thick lips, and a broad tongue
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negative feedback
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regulating mechanism in which an increase or decrease in the level of a substance decreases or increases the function of the organ producing the substance
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oxytocin
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hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation
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pheochromocytoma
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chromaffin cell tumor, usually benign, located in the adrenal medulla; characterized by secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension, severe headache, profuse sweating, visual blurring, anxiety, and nausea
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radioimmunoassay
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measurement of hormone or other substance using radioisotope-labeled antigen
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syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
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secretion
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland despite low serum osmolality level; occurs with oat cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignant tumors that produce ADH |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid gland, resulting in release of T3 and T4
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thyroid storm
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severe life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism precipitated by stress; usually of abrupt onset; characterized by high fever, extreme tachycardia, and altered mental state
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thyroidectomy
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surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland
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thyroiditis
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inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously
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thyrotoxicosis
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condition produced by excessive endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone
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thyroxine (T4)
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thyroid hormone: active iodine compound formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine (T3); maintains body metabolism in a steady state
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triiodothyronine (T3)
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thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than thyroxine (T4); widespread effect on cellular metabolism, influences every major organ system
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Trousseau's sign
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carpopedal spasm induced when blood flow to the arm is occluded using a blood pressure cuff or tourniquet, causing ischemia to the distal nerves; suggestive sign for latent tetany in hypocalcemia
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vasopressin
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contraction of smooth muscle, particularly blood vessels
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