Endocrine System Set 2

Front 1

acromegaly

Back 1

rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumor (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal.

Treatment: surgery involves partial resection of the pituitary gland

Front 2

diuresis

Back 2

increased formation and secretion of urine

Front 3

glycosuria

Back 3

abnormal amount of glucose in the urine

Front 4

Graves disease

Back 4

multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos (abnormal protusion of the eyeball)

Front 5

hirsutism

Back 5

excessive distribution of body hair, especially women

*in women usually caused by abnormalities of androgen production or metabolism

Front 6

hypercalcemia

Back 6

condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

*overactivity in one or more parathyroid glands

Front 7

hyperkalemia

Back 7

condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

Front 8

hypervolemia

Back 8

abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

*results from retention of large amounts of sodium and water by the kidneys

Front 9

hyponatremia

Back 9

lower than normal level of sodium in the blood

Front 10

insulinoma

Back 10

tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Front 11

obesity

Back 11

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

Front 12

morbid obesity

Back 12

BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight

Front 13

panhypopituitarism

Back 13

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

Front 14

pheochromocytoma

Back 14

small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood

*may be life threatening

Front 15

thyroid storm

Back 15

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis

Front 16

virilism

Back 16

masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

Front 17

exophthalmometry

Back 17

measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves disease

Front 18

parathyroidectomy

Back 18

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Front 19

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

Back 19

endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (trannsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue

Front 20

thymectomy

Back 20

excision of the thymus gland

Front 21

thyroidectomy

Back 21

excision of the entire thyroid gland, a part of it, (subtotal) or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)

Front 22

fasting blood sugar

Back 22

test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hrs

*helps diagnose diabetes and monitor glucose levels

Front 23

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Back 23

screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

*diagnose pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes

Front 24

insulin tolerance test (ITT)

Back 24

diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity

Front 25

thyroid function test (TFT)

Back 25

test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Front 26

total calcium test

Back 26

test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders.

Front 27

CT-computed tomography

Back 27

imaging technique that rotates an xray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

Front 28

MRI-magnetic resonance imaging

Back 28

noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an xray beam, to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images

Front 29

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

Back 29

administration of a radioactive iodine (RAI) in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood

Front 30

thyroid scan

Back 30

images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose or radioactive iodine

Front 31

antidiuretics

Back 31

reduce or control excretion of urine

Front 32

antithyroids

Back 32

treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormones

*administered in thyroidectomy and in thyrotoxic crisis

Front 33

corticosteroids

Back 33

replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Adddison disease)

*used to suppress inflammation, control allergic reactions, reduce rejection in transplantation, and treat some cancers

Front 34

growth hormone replacements

Back 34

increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults

*increase spinal bone density and help manage growth failure in children

Front 35

insulins

Back 35

lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch form of glucose)

Front 36

oral antidiabetics

Back 36

treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin

*not insulin and are not used in treating type 1 diabetes

Front 37

thyroid supplements

Back 37

replace or supplement thyroid hormones

*contains T3, T4, or a combination of both. Used to treat some types of thyroid cancer

Front 38

ACTH

Back 38

adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone

Front 39

ADH

Back 39

antidiurectic hormone

Front 40

DI

Back 40

diabetes insipidus; diagnostic imaging

Front 41

DKA

Back 41

diabetic ketoacidosis

Front 42

DM

Back 42

diabetes mellitus

Front 43

FBS

Back 43

fasting blood sugar

Front 44

FSH

Back 44

follicle stimulating hormone

Front 45

GH

Back 45

growth hormone

Front 46

GTT

Back 46

glucose tolerance test

Front 47

HRT

Back 47

hormone replacement therapy

Front 48

K

Back 48

potassium

Front 49

LH

Back 49

luteinizing hormone

Front 50

PRL

Back 50

prolactin

Front 51

PGH

Back 51

pituitary growth hormone

Front 52

PTH

Back 52

parathyroid hormone

Front 53

RAI

Back 53

radioactive iodine

Front 54

RAIU

Back 54

radioactive iodine uptake

Front 55

T3

Back 55

triiodothyronine

Front 56

T4

Back 56

thyroxine

Front 57

TFT

Back 57

thryroid function test

Front 58

TSH

Back 58

thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 59

hyposecretion

Back 59

underproduction (treated by drug therapy)

Front 60

hypersecretion

Back 60

overproduction (treated by surgery)

Front 61

pituitary disorders

Back 61

related to hypo/hypersecretion of GH which leads to body size abnormalities

*abnormal ADH difficult for body to remove water

Front 62

hyponatremia

Back 62

low blood sodium levels

Front 63

ADH test

Back 63

used to diagnose diabetes insipidus or the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Front 64

thyroid disorders

Back 64

common, can occur at any time in life

Cretinism

Graves disease

myxedema

exophthalmos

Front 65

cretinism

Back 65

hypothyroidism develops in children, can lead to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temps, and abnormal bone formation

Front 66

myxedema

Back 66

hypothyroidism developed in adulthood

*edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain and sluggishness

Front 67

tetany

Back 67

decreased calcium causes muscle twitches and spasms

Front 68

osteitis fibrosa cystica

Back 68

demineralization of bones due to the increase in pTH secretion

Front 69

osteoporosis

Back 69

porous bones highly susceptible to fracture and deformity

Front 70

adenoma

Back 70

benign glandular tumor of the parathyroid

Front 71

von Recklinghausen disease

Back 71

excess PTH causes calcium deposits in the kidneys, when this is generalized and all bones are affected

Front 72

nephrolithiasis

Back 72

renal symptoms and kidney stones

Front 73

adrenal cortex

Back 73

associated with Addison disease and Cushing syndrome

Front 74

Addison disease

Back 74

relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones. Results when adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied

chronic dehydration, anorexia, muscle weakness, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension

Front 75

Cushing disease

Back 75

cluster of symptoms produced by excessive amounts of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or both circulating in the blood

*Steroid use

*adrenal tumor

*alters carbs and protein metabolism and electrolyte balance

Front 76

adrenal medulla

Back 76

no specific diseases can be traced directly to a deficiency of hormones.

medullary tumors can cause excess secretions

*most common disorder is neoplasm pheochromocytoma excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 77

pancreatic disorders

Back 77

diabetes is most common

Front 78

diabetes

Back 78

chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbs, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin properly

Front 79

ketosis

Back 79

when fat metabolism produces ketones that enter the blood

Front 80

glucosuria

Back 80

when blood glucose levels elevate beyond a level tolerated by the kidneys, glucose spills into the urine and expelled from the body along with electrolytes

Front 81

CAUTION (Type 1)

Back 81

Constant urination

Abnormal thirst

Unusual hunger (polyphagia)

The rapid loss of weight

Irritability

Obvious weakness and fatigue

Nausea and vomiting

Front 82

Diabetes (type 2)

Back 82

Drowsiness

Itching

A family history of diabetes

Blurred vision

Excessive weight

Tingling, numbness, and pain in the extremities

Easily fatigued

Skin infections and slow healing of cuts and scratches, especially of the feet

Front 83

polyphagia

Back 83

hunger and increased appetite

Front 84

Type 1 diabetes

Back 84

usually kids and young adults

*body doesn't produce sufficient insulin

*balance diet, exercise, and insulin daily injections

*monitors blood glucose levels several times a day

Front 85

Type 2 diabetes

Back 85

*most common form

*Onset is typically later in life

*body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin or the body's cells are resistant to insulin action in target tissues

*hyperglycemia may result in damage of kidneys, eyes, nerves, or heart

Front 86

complications type 1

Back 86

report high rapidly developing symptoms

DKA-diabetic ketoacidosis over several days or weeks

Front 87

complications type 2

Back 87

symptoms are commonly vague, long standing, and develop gradually

Front 88

gestational diabetes

Back 88

may occur in women who are not diabetic, but develop diabetes during pregnancy

Front 89

pancreatic cancer

Back 89

most arise in epithelial tumors

presence known by obstruction and local invasion

*prognosis is poor with 2% survival rate in 5 years

Front 90

thyroid carcinoma

Back 90

cancer of the thyroid gland

*predisposing factors of radiation, prolonged TSH stimulation, familial disposition, and chronic goiter